1、Designation: D3091 72 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forSafe Filling of Low-Pressure Pressurized Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3091; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the filling of low-pressure pressur-ized products, either in the laboratory or in production.1.2 Th
3、e values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
4、 with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 2.2. General Safety Precautions2.1 Suitable storage sho
5、uld be supplied, both in the plantand laboratory, for toxic or flammable substances. Manufac-turers labels should be observed for toxicity or flammabilityinformation.2.2 Adequate fire extinguishers should be located at vitalpoints in the plant and laboratory. For small laboratory fires anextinguishe
6、r such as carbon dioxide is probably more suitable,since it is cleaner in operation.2.3 Suitable first aid equipment should be available in boththe plant and laboratory. Personnel should be instructed inproper first aid treatment to be used for different types ofinjuries that may occur.2.4 Safe prac
7、tices should be encouraged by lectures andconstant reminders, such as posters, on the value of safetyprocedures.2.5 New operations should be inspected closely for anypossible hazards, and necessary means should be devised toguard against such hazards.3. Laboratory Research and Experimental Work3.1 S
8、torage of Propellants and Chemicals:3.1.1 PropellantsCylinders should be stored in cool, dry,accessible places. Care should be exercised in handling cylin-ders so that they do not drop or strike each other violently.When cylinders are tapped, all connectors should be leak-free.3.1.2 ChemicalsSuitabl
9、e storage for flammable chemicalsand concentrates should be available. Any glass containersshould be handled with care to avoid breakage.3.2 Handling Propellants and Concentrates :3.2.1 PropellantsLaboratory personnel should be care-fully instructed in preventing burns and freezing when han-dling pr
10、opellants with low boiling points. Precautions shouldbe taken for the possible accumulation of propellants to a pointwhere the normal oxygen content is decreased. Adequate ventsshould be supplied. When venting the propellants from pres-sure burets or cold filling lines, precautions should be taken t
11、oprevent over accumulations of propellant vapors, and tominimize flammability hazards.3.2.2 ConcentratesProper ventilation should be providedfor the handling of highly toxic liquids. Manufacturers in-structions should be observed for toxicity information concern-ing the raw materials used. Personnel
12、 should be instructed notto smoke or have any burners working in the vicinity of the useof flammable liquids.3.3 Handling of Sealing Machinery :3.3.1 All laboratory machinery, such as crimpers andseamers, should have adequate protection at those portionswhere accidents may occur. For example, all mo
13、ving belts onseamers should have guards or protective shields, or a deviceshould be installed on crimpers to eliminate the possibility ofgetting hands caught between the crimping head and the can.3.3.2 When sealing valves onto glass containers, careshould be taken so that the machinery does not dama
14、ge thebottle, thereby causing possible future hazards when the bottleand contents are examined at elevated temperatures. All crimpsand seams should be carefully inspected before the units arebrought to higher temperatures, thereby minimizing futureaccidents due to defective containers.3.3.3 All crim
15、ping of both glass and metal containers shouldbe measured in accordance with industry standards as to depth,diameter (in the case of cans), and depth and run-out (in the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.33
16、on Mechanical Dispensers.This practice was originally developed by the Chemical Specialties ManufacturersAssociation.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3091 72(2008).DOI: 10.1520/D3091-72R16.Copyright
17、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International S
18、tandards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1case of glass), to assure adequacy of the crimp prior to theinsertion of the unit in a hot-water bath or high-temperaturestorage program.3.4 Handling of Containers:3.4.1 All aeros
19、ol containers can be hazardous in laboratorywork, regardless of whether the containers are of plain glass,safety-coated glass, or metal. The following precautions shouldbe observed:3.4.1.1 Guard against overfills. When using a new type ofcontainer, determine what is a safe fill before packing it.3.4
20、.1.2 Guard against defective containers. Inspect all glasscontainers before use. Inspect all can seams for visible flaws.Take care not to damage the containers during the pack, as suchdefects can cause serious accidents later on in the tests. Inspectand discard empty containers for defects such as d
21、irt and rust,to prevent their use for samples and subsequent stabilityprograms.3.4.1.3 When examining containers in a hot-water tank,provide adequate protection such as safety shields.3.4.1.4 Always wear protective face shields when workingwith any container under pressure.3.4.1.5 Always handle glas
22、sware under pressure carefully,regardless of the pressure. All glassware under pressure shouldbe covered with a protective screen or coating.3.4.1.6 Guard against excessive pressure in all containers.3.4.1.7 Check storage oven mechanisms periodically toprevent the possibility of overruns in temperat
23、ure that maycause explosions with the containers under heat storage tests.Appropriate types of electrical equipment should be utilizedwhen the oven is used for the storage of products containingflammable solvents or vapors. The ovens should be equippedwith adequate ventilation to prevent the build-u
24、p of vapors dueto leakage.3.4.1.8 Perform all spray testing of valves in an adequatelyvented hood.3.4.1.9 When conducting open- and closed-drum tests,place the drum in a well-vented atmosphere, such as outdoorsor inserted in a hood, or both, to adequately vent the contentsof the drum at the completi
25、on of the test. The fumes from suchtests can be toxic, and should be handled accordingly.4. Commercial Refrigeration Filling4.1 Handling of Propellant:4.1.1 Safe methods for unloading propellant cylinders are asfollows:4.1.1.1 If the cylinders are shipped by truck, it is advisableto build a platform
26、 that will be level with the tailgate of thetruck and the building floor. A fork lift can then go into thetruck and not have to raise its platform more than 6 in. (152mm) to unload the cylinders. Provisions should be made so thatthe cylinders can not slip off the fork lift.4.1.1.2 When using a hoist
27、 to lift the cylinders off of trucksor railroad cars, employ the proper equipment. The hoist,chains, hooks, and runner beams should be selected to handlethe mass of the cylinders plus a safety factor. The equipmentshould be periodically checked for flaws, and personnel shouldbe instructed in its pro
28、per use. It should be impressed uponthose unloading the cylinders that all grabbing hooks andchains are to be secured before unloading.4.1.2 Safe methods for storing and tapping cylinders are asfollows:4.1.2.1 Cylinders are protected from excessive pressuresdue to heat by fusible plugs in the contai
29、ner and valves thatmelt at 157F (69C). Never permit live steam or direct flameto be applied to any part of the container.4.1.2.2 Store the containers in a cool, dry, accessible place,keeping them away from salt or other corrosive chemicals orfumes as rusting will damage the containers and cause thev
30、alve hoods to stick. The containers must not be dropped orpermitted to strike each other violently. To avoid this, securelyblock the containers.4.1.2.3 Do not tamper with the safety devices in the valve orcontainer.4.1.2.4 Replace the brass on plastic protective caps on thevalves of the cylinders to
31、 prevent dirt from entering the valvesand damage to the threads on the valve connections. Secure thevalve hoods after the container has been emptied.4.1.2.5 If heat must be applied to propellant containersproceed using one of the following: either (1) Apply hot airheat from steam coils, steam space
32、heaters, or electric resis-tance heaters but, do not immerse the container in a hot waterbath or under any circumstances apply a blow torch or openflame, or (2) Heat by the use of infrared lamps, using aclamp-on thermocouple on the container surface to control thelamps. An additional precaution agai
33、nst overheating is havinga cut-out switch on the lamp circuit that is actuated by thepressure of the propellant by means of a direct connection tothe container outlet line during the heating period.4.1.2.6 The excessive accumulation of propellant vapors atvarious points in the plant is another facto
34、r to be considered inthe handling of propellants. Although the vapors themselvesare relatively nontoxic, the tendency is for a decrease in theoxygen content of the atmosphere. Excessive vapors willprobably accumulate on the floor around the filling line, due tothe high vapor density of the propellan
35、ts. If care is notexercised, the accumulation of propellant vapors may exceed atolerable amount. The normal oxygen content of the air is21 %. When the oxygen content is less than 16 %, life cannotbe supported. A possible solution to this would be the instal-lation of an exhaust system along the floo
36、r.4.2 Handling of Concentrates:4.2.1 If the concentrate ingredients are blended at the fillingplant, precautions should be taken when handling and mixing.If the ingredients are toxic, adequate ventilation should beprovided (for example, an exhaust system). Regardless of whatthe ingredients are, mixi
37、ng should be done in an enclosed tankto prevent splattering of the material.4.2.2 Concentrate tanks should be equipped with safetyvalves, especially if the concentrate is highly volatile. Safetyvalves set to open at a designated pressure, relative to theconcentrate being used, will prevent excessive
38、 build-up of thepressure.4.2.3 Appropriate precautions should be taken if the con-centrate is flammable or toxic.D3091 72 (2016)24.3 Can UnscramblerSafety devices should be installed ifthe possibility of injury to the operator setting the cans onto theunscrambler exists. An automatic shutoff should
39、be installed inthe case of jam-ups.4.4 Point of Filling:4.4.1 Precautions should be taken to prevent the splatteringof concentrates and propellants by the installation of aclosed-in area with a clear plastic or glass shield in front of theoperators.4.4.2 Exhaust hoods should be installed over the po
40、int offilling to evacuate harmful vapors.4.5 Filling Point to Valve Crimper :4.5.1 Liquid FillOverfilled cans are dangerous and shouldbe avoided. The following checks should be installed:4.5.1.1 Constant checking of metering devices on fillingunits, and4.5.1.2 Some type of check for the liquid conte
41、nts of thecans. The checking of can mass (probably the most widely usedsystem for checking can contents) should be in use if noautomatic equipment is available. These checks should bemade as often as possible.4.5.2 Dangerous Vapor ProtectionAn exhaust hoodshould be installed to eliminate dangerous v
42、apors.4.5.3 Valve CrimperConstant monitoring of the valve-crimping phase should be maintained to ensure adequacy of thecrimp depth and diameter measurements. Any indication thatthe measurements are out of specification should result in theimmediate shutting down of the line to correct and preventimp
43、roperly crimped cans from passing into the hot-water bath.4.6 Hot-Water TanksTake the following precautions atthis, the most important point of the aerosol filling operation:4.6.1 Shields should be installed over the hot-water tanks toprovide protection against units that may explode, or thepersonne
44、l should wear face shields. For added protection, theoperators should be supplied with safety glasses.4.6.2 A dependable thermostatic control should be installedto keep the bath temperature at the desired level. The heatingapparatus, as well as the heat control apparatus, should beperiodically check
45、ed.4.7 Spray TestingAll spray testing should be conducted inan exhaust hood. The operators should be instructed to deter-mine the direction of the spray from the valve, depending onthe valve being used, to prevent spraying on themselves.4.8 Storage of Finished Units:4.8.1 The finished units should b
46、e stored in a cool, dryplace, if they are to be retained at the filling plant for any lengthof time before shipment.4.8.2 Suitable cartons and stacking methods should beemployed to prevent unnecessary damage to the units.5. Commercial Pressure Filling5.1 Safety shields should be installed in front o
47、f the filler tosafeguard against the possibility of container explosion.5.2 Safety guards should be installed on all exposed parts ofthe machinery where it is possible for an operator to be injured.5.3 A close check should be kept on all metering devices toprevent the possibility of dangerous overfi
48、lls.5.4 The units should be checked for overfills after the fillingby either an automatic checker or the weighing of the cans.5.5 If flammable propellants are handled, the followingprecautions should be taken:5.5.1 Constant monitoring of the vapor concentrationshould be maintained by an automatic ga
49、s analyzer. Thesecontrols should be part of a system that would allow theimmediate shut-off of the propellant flow should the vaporconcentration approach a critical point (that is, a maximum of25 % of the low explosive limit). Explosion-proof equipment ismandatory.5.5.2 All personnel operating in areas utilizing flammablepropellants should take the following precautions:5.5.2.1 Non-sparking tools should be used. The tools shouldbe made of metals such as aluminum or beryllium copper.5.5.2.2 Rubber-soled shoes should be worn.5.5.3 The area surrounding the propellant handli
