1、Designation: D3161/D3161M 12D3161/D3161M 13Standard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Asphalt Shingles Steep Slope RoofingProducts (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.
3、 Scope1.1 ThisThis test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of asphalt shingles many discontinuous, airpermeable, steep slope roofing products that results from the shingles rigidity (withproducts rigidity, with or without contributionfrom sealant) or mechanical interlocki
4、ng (withsealant or other adhesive to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, ormechanical interlocking, with or without contribution from sealant) or sealant or other adhesive to help hold down the leading edgeof the tabs, or any combination thereof. The shinglesproducts are applied to a test p
5、anel in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.1.2 This method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surfaceof the test specimens. This me
6、thod does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance.Consequently, this method is not applicable to continuous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes ormechanically-seamed metal roof panels).1.3 This test method is limited to steep sl
7、ope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm (16 in.).NOTE 1This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised to acknowledge that themethod is applicable to many other steep slope roofing products and has been used to eva
8、luate the wind resistance of those products for many years byseveral testing and certification laboratories, Products that have been tested by this method, in addition to asphalt shingles, include polymer-basedshingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovolt
9、aic shingles. The terms steep slope roofing products, or product,are used throughout this standard to include all of these types of steep slope roofing products.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may
10、 not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respon
11、sibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitio
12、ns of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 sealas it relates to steep slope roofing products, is the bonding that results from the use of sealant.3.2.2 sealantas it relates to steep slope roofing products, is defined as factory-applied or field-applied mat
13、erial designed tohelp hold down the leading edge of the tabs.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved May 1, 2012June 15, 20
14、13. Published May 2012July 2013. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 asD3161 09.D3161 12. DOI: 10.1520/D3161_D3161M-12.10.1520/D3161_D3161M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may
16、 not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
17、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 sealedthe condition of the products after they are subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 8.2.3.2.4 tab, na discrete section of the exposed portion of a steep slope roofing product.3.2.4.1 DiscussionTypically,
18、the exposed portion of an asphalt shingle consists of one or more tabs. Many other steep slope roofing products consistof a single tab per unit.4. Classes of Shingles Steep Slope Roofing Products4.1 ShinglesProducts are of three classes:4.1.1 Class APass at a test velocity of 97 km/h 60 mph.4.1.2 Cl
19、ass DPass at a test velocity of 145 km/h 90 mph.4.1.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 177 km/h 110 mph.5. Significance and Use5.1 Most asphalt shingles steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resistance by this test have also performedwell in use. Natural wind conditions differ wi
20、th respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond themeans of this test to simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and noaccommodation is made in this test method for building height, building exposure category,
21、 or building importance factor.5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of shingles a steep slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature,time, roof slope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misalignedor under-
22、driven. misplaces, or over- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of thistest method to address all of these influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of asphalt shinglesproducts as described in the scope when representa
23、tive samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions and conditioned as specified before testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal stream of air through a rectangular opening 914 mm 36 in. wide and 305mm 12 in. high at a velocity not
24、 less than 97 km/h 60 mph. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h 110 mph, it is permissibleto add a duct section to the equipment to lower the height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm 6 in. The machine shall beequipped with an adjustable stand to receive a test panel and be adapted to setting t
25、he test panel at any desired slope, at anyhorizontal distance from the lower edge of the duct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind direction.6.1.1 CalibrationAs a minimum, at the start of each test day, and at the start of each new desired test velocity, the air velocityshall be calib
26、rated. Obtain calibration measurements using a bare panel as described in 7.1, but without shingles or the test panelwith the candidate shinglesproduct to be tested. With the panel positioned as described in 9.1, the velocity shall be measured usingcalibrated airflow measuring devices, such as pitot
27、 tubes or airflow anemometers. Velocity measurements shall be taken at aminimum of three evenly spaced locations across the duct orifice. The average measured velocity shall not vary more than 65 mphfrom the target test velocity selected to achieve the desired class of shingle.product.6.2 Timer, cap
28、able of reading to the nearest minute.6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room, having forced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m 50-in.wide by 1.68-m 66-in. long, or larger test panel on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the productmanufacturers ins
29、tallation instructions, and of maintaining a uniform temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F.7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matched sheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and not less than1.27 by 1.68 m 50 by 66 in. in size. They are to be of such rigidity
30、 that they will not twist or distort with normal handling, orvibrate from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply shingles the product to duplicate panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in the normal mannerrecommended by the manufacturer. Use roofing nails, or other fasteners spe
31、cified, or allowed, by the manufacturer, properlypositioned in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, to fasten each shingle. the product to the test panel. Do not applyroofing cement sealant or adhesive to fasten down tabs unless required by the manufacturers installation instructions. Do
32、not applypressure to the shingle tabs product either during or after application. application unless required by the manufacturersinstructions.7.3 Apply lock-type shinglesinterlocking-type product to an additional two panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel,in accordance with the manufa
33、cturers instructions.D3161/D3161M 1327.4 Secure the shinglesproduct at the outer edge of each test panel by exposed nailing to simulate anchoring at the rake edgesof a roof deck.panel.7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8C 80 6 15F and maintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest sl
34、operecommended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, during application of the shingles.product.8. Conditioning of ShingleProduct Test Panels8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturersinstallation instructions
35、, and at a temperature of 27 6 8C 80 6 15F until beginning heat conditioning.8.2 Place the For a product with sealant or other adhesive to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, place the test panelsin the conditioning cell or room on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in
36、the product manufacturersinstallation instructions, and maintain at a temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F for a continuous period of 16 h.8.3 For a product that does not use sealants or adhesives, place the test panels in a conditioning cell or a room on a slope of2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope r
37、ecommended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, and maintain at roomtemperature 27 6 8C 80 6 15F for a continuous period of at least 16 h.8.4 After completion of the conditioning period, allow the test panels to come to room temperature 2768C 80615F whilebeing maintained at a slop
38、e of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturers installationinstructions.8.5 Exercise care to avoid pressure on, or damage to, shingle tabsthe product by any twisting or distortion of the test panels inhandling.9. Test Procedure9.1 Location of the Test PanelInstall the
39、 panel on the test carriage and accurately adjust it in relation to the duct so that theexposed edge of the target course will be on the same level as the lower edge of the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of 1786 1 mm 7 6 116 in. The target course shall be the third course up from the bottom o
40、f the panel. The panel 178 6 1 mm 76 1/16 in. The target course shall be the third course up from the bottom of the panel for product applied with exposure less than230 mm (9 in), and shall be the second course up from the bottom of the panel for product applied with exposure of 230mm (9in)and great
41、er up to the maximum of 410 mm (16 in). The test slope shall be 2:12 (17 %) or the lowest slope recommended by themanufacturer for the product being tested. The test panel and carriage on which the test panel is supported shall be braced orotherwise prevented from movement during the test.9.1.1 Test
42、 a minimum of two panels for each product being tested.9.1.2 Since the design of lock-type shingleinterlocking-type product makes it difficult to determine the most critical angle ofwind direction, conduct the test at a minimum of three different angles using a separate panel for each test (head-on,
43、 with thebottom of the target course parallel to and 178 mm 7 in. away from the machine orifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60from the head-on position, with the bottom corner of the third-coursetarget-course tab nearest the duct being 178 mm 7 in. awayfrom and in the same horizontal plane as
44、 the bottom of the machine orifice). Test another panel at the position judged to be mostcritical on the basis of the first three tests.9.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambient temperature at 24 6 3C 75 6 5F during the tests.9.2.1 When the test panel is set in position, start the fan to produce t
45、he target test velocity, as established during calibration.The fan shall be operated continuously without adjustment for 2 h, or until such lesser time as a failure occurs.9.2.2 During the test, observations are to be made by an observer and/or by video or by video, or both, and recorded when anylif
46、ting of shingleproduct tabs can be seen or noted. Any observable damage to a full shingle the product or the disengaging of alocking ear or tab, or a shingle tab, any interlocking feature, or a product tab, or the detachment of any part of the product fromthe deck, including any failure of adhesive,
47、 with its time of occurrence shall be recorded. The full assessment of damage, asrequired by 10.3, is possible only after the cessation of the test.9.2.3 In the event that observable failure occurs during the test, stop the air flow and record the elapsed time. The observableend point for failure sh
48、all be taken at the time of the observed failure or upon review of the video at the conclusion of the test inwhich any one or more full shingleproduct tabs lift beyond upright (beyond perpendicular to the deck), or a locking ear or tab ofa lock shingle deck, or any interlocking feature tears loose o
49、r disengages from its lockinginterlocked position.NOTE 2It is not prohibited to use this test method with different test velocities and different time intervals of stop-and-go frequencies to do researchon the performance of shingles a steep slope roofing product in an unsealed condition. If this is done, shingles do the product does not have to beconditioned as specified in 8.2 before testing, and it is not prohibited to use different criteria for failure than those presented in 9.2.3. It
