1、Designation: D3181 10Standard Guide forConducting Wear Tests on Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is designed to provide data on which aprediction can be based concerning the expected wear perfor-mance of a wide variety of textiles in end-use c
3、onditions.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Re
4、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1335 Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn FloorCoveringsD2051 Test Method for Durability of Finish of Zippers toLaunderingD2052 Test Method for Colorfastness of Zippers to Dry-cleaningD2057 Test Method for Colorfastness of
5、 Zippers to Laun-deringD2058 Test Method for Durability of Finish of Zippers toDrycleaningD3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush PillingTesterD3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics:
6、 Random TumblePilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Fle
7、xing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D3936 Test Method for Resistance to Delamination of theSecondary Backing of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringD3938 Guide for Determining or Confirming Care Instruc-tions for Apparel and Other Te
8、xtile ProductsD3939 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Mace)D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D4231 Practice for Evaluation of Launderable Woven DressShirts and Sports Shirts3Practice for the Evaluation of the Performance of TerryBat
9、hroom Products for Household UseD4721 Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of Ma-chine Washable and Drycleanable Bedcoverings and Ac-cessories3D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4852 Practice for Evaluation of Attached Upholstery Fab-rics2.2 AATCC Standards:5 Evaluati
10、on Procedure: Subjective Evaluation of FabricHand48 Colorfastness to Crocking: AATCC Crockmeter Method488B Appearance of Seams in Wash-and-Wear Items AfterHome Laundering488C Appearance of Creases in Wash-and-Wear Items AfterHome Laundering496 Dimensional Changes in Laundering of Woven andKnitted Te
11、xtiles (Excluding Wool)4119 Color Change Due to Flat Abrasion (Frosting): ScreenWire Method4120 Color Change Due to Flat Abrasion (Frosting): EmeryMethod4121 Carpet Soiling: Visual Rating Method4122 Carpet Soiling: Service Soiling Method4123 Carpet Soiling: Accelerated Soiling Method4124 Appearance
12、of Fabrics After Repeated Home Launder-ings41This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1973. Last prev
13、ious edition approved in 2008 as D3181 95 (2008). DOI:10.1520/D3181-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
14、M website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Annual AATCC Technical Manual, available from American Association ofTextile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.128 Wrinkle Recovery of Fabrics: Appearance Method4130 Soil Release: Oily Stain Release Method4150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Launderingof Woven Garments4158 Dimensional Changes on Drycleaning in Perchloroeth-ylene: Ma
16、chine Method4163 Color Fastness: Dye Transfer in Storage: Fabric-to-Fabric42.3 Other Documents:Knit Upholstery Fabric Standards and Guidelines5Woven Upholstery Fabric Standards and Guidelines63. Terminology3.1 For all terms relating to D13.60 Fabric Test Methods,Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
17、3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:control textile, end-use, evaluation period, grade, participant,performance property, rating, wear level, wear-refurbishingcycle, wear-service condition, wear test.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D123.4. Summ
18、ary of Guide4.1 Textiles are subjected to actual wear under serviceconditions. This practice recommends a control textile havinga known wear performance history to be included with otheritems being tested. Statistical methods for design of test andanalysis of data are included that are applicable to
19、 all weartests. Standard procedures for evaluation of textiles are pro-vided.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide may be used to evaluate textiles used inapparel, upholstered furniture, floor coverings, window treat-ments, and bed, bath and table linens.5.2 This guide may be used for several purpos
20、es:5.2.1 To determine the comparative performance of new orexisting products,5.2.2 To determine the suitability of current products indifferent end-uses, and5.2.3 To evaluate and compare the effect of wear of con-struction details as well as specific fabrics, fibers, dyeings,finishing, fabrication t
21、echniques, etc.5.3 This guide provides for flexibility in design and evalu-ation since the information sought from each wear test willvary (see Appendix X1).5.4 This guide may be used to compare the wear perfor-mance of two or more textiles when these are included in thesame test, or to compare a te
22、xtile whose properties have notbeen evaluated with one having a known performance history.6. Apparatus6.1 Viewing Board, with standard lighting, as specified inAATCC 124.6.2 Smoothness Appearance Replicas, as specified inAATCC 124.6.3 Gray Scale for Color Change, as specified in AATCCEvaluation Proc
23、edure 1.76.4 Soil Release Replicas, as specified inAATCC 130-1981.6.5 Pilling Standards, as specified in Test Method D3512.6.6 Seam Puckering Standards, as specified in AATCC88B-1984.6.7 Crease Retention Standards, as specified in AATCC88C.6.8 Photographic Standards for Evaluating Shirt Compo-nents
24、(collar, pocket, placket), as specified in Practice D4231.6.9 Work Sheets, to record data (see Fig. 1).7. Sampling, Selection, and Number of Specimens7.1 Division into LotsFor acceptance testing, divide theproduct into lots as agreed upon between the purchaser and thesupplier.7.2 Lot SampleAs a lot
25、sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping cartons directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier.NOTE 1A realistic specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account t
26、he variabilitybetween shipping cartons, between items within a carton, and betweenspecimens within an item so as to provide a sampling plan which has ameaningful producers risk, meaningful consumers risk, acceptablequality level, and limiting quality level.7.3 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample
27、 for accep-tance testing, take at least two items from each shipping cartonin the lot sample.7.4 Test SpecimensTake test specimens from each item inthe laboratory sample as directed in the individual test methodsor as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.Perform each test on the produc
28、t as it will reach the consumer.8. Procedure8.1 Decide on the type and design of the textile to be tested.8.2 Define the objectives of the test clearly.8.3 List the information to be obtained from the test.8.4 Select the performance properties that must be evaluatedto obtain the necessary informatio
29、n. See Table 1.8.5 Decide which specific areas of the textile will beevaluated for each property. See Table 2.8.6 Establish how each performance property will be evalu-ated and what rating scale will be used.8.7 For each performance property, decide what test valueor grade will constitute a satisfac
30、tory or unsatisfactory perfor-mance to meet the objectives of the test (see Note 2).NOTE 2These values are established based on experience and mayvary with end use. There are generally accepted techniques or referencesfor establishing these values.8.8 Identify which evaluation procedures are destruc
31、tiveand nondestructive. Nondestructive evaluations can occur dur-ing the total wear period at predetermined times. Destructive5Issued in 1982 by the Joint-Industry Fabric Standards Committee. Availablefrom the American Furniture Mfrs. Assc., P. O. Box Hp-7, High Point, NC 27261.6Re-issued in 1986 by
32、 the Joint-Industry Fabric Standards Committee.Availablefrom the American Furniture Mfrs. Assc., P. O. Box Hp-7, High Point, NC 27261.7This is the same as ISO R105/1, Part 2.D3181 102evaluations should occur at the end of the total wear period,unless additional textile items are included in the init
33、ial weartest plan for withdrawal and destructive testing.8.9 Establish the wear period at which time the test isterminated automatically.8.10 Alternatively, establish the percentage of specimensthat must fail to constitute overall unsatisfactory performance.Terminate the test when the established le
34、vel for failure hasbeen reached (see Note 2).8.11 Establish the number of wear-refurbishing cycles thatwill constitute overall satisfactory performance. The wear testmay be terminated at this point even though no specimen mayhave failed.8.12 Define the use-refurbishing cycle by establishing thenumbe
35、r of hours (days) worn or used, and the number of usesthe textile will receive before refurbishing, or both, and themethod by which the item will be refurbished.8.13 Select a suitable control textile to include in the test asa standard of comparison.8.14 Based on the number of conditions being teste
36、d, aswell as the time and cost involved, develop a suitable designfor the wear test (see Appendix X1).8.15 Decide on, and arrange for, the number of participantsneeded to conduct the test according to the selected plan.8.16 Determine the exact sizes of the garments or othertextiles required for each
37、 participant.8.17 Decide on the style, color, etc., of the textiles to bewear tested to reach the objective.8.18 When garments or other textiles are manufactured,determine the necessary yardage and provide for extra yardageto be used for laboratory tests.8.19 Secure the required number of textiles a
38、nd perma-nently label each with a code that identifies both the textile andthe participant. Suggest that one textile of each type be retainedin its new condition for comparison with the used textiles.8.20 Issue the textiles to the proper participant along withwritten instructions regarding how the t
39、extile is to be used(worn) and cared for, as well as when it is to be returned forevaluation.8.21 After each wear-refurbishing cycle or wear period hasbeen completed, evaluate the textiles for previously specifiedperformance properties. Where visual ratings are involved, it isrecommended that three
40、trained observers be used. Record thetest value or grade for each property on a separate form tofacilitate statistical analysis of the data. See Fig. 1.8.22 Continue to wear-test and evaluate the textiles until thepredetermined endpoint of the test has been reached. Surveysmay be conducted to determ
41、ine the participants opinions ofthe textiles being tested.NOTE 3Use as a guide in the evaluation of the textile, the practicesand guides developed by Subcommittees D13.54, D13.56, D 13.61, andD13.63, such as D3938, D4231, and Practice for the Evaluation of thePerformance of Terry Bathroom Products f
42、or Household Use, if appli-cable.9. Interpretation of Results9.1 Following each evaluation, analyze the data statisticallyusing one or more of the types of methods listed in 9.1.1-9.1.6Wear Test Identification Number _Wear Level _Fabric Identification _PARTICIPANTS12345678910etc.Evaluation DateTimes
43、 WornHours WornTimes RefurbishedAbrasionBaggingColor ChangeCrease RetentionDimensional StabilityFabric SmoothnessHoles% Length Change% Width ChangePillingSeam PuckeringSnaggingWashdown (Hand)Wear WrinklingEtc.FIG. 1 Wear Test Work SheetD3181 103(methods for statistical analysis may be found in the l
44、iterature,8or other statistical texts).9.1.1 Average value or grade.9.1.2 Frequency distribution of values or grades.9.1.3 Table depicting difference between participants.9.1.4 Percentage of items that failed, after each cycle.9.1.5 Cumulative percent failures plotted against hours wearor time of us
45、e.9.1.6 F-ratio Analysis of variance.10. Report10.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inGuide D3181. Describe the type of material or fabric used andthe types of textiles used.10.2 Report the following information:10.2.1 Objective of the test,10.2.2 Number of textiles tested,10.2.3 Nu
46、mber and types of conditions tested,10.2.4 Performance properties evaluated,10.2.5 Description of wear-refurbishing cycle,10.2.6 Type of participants (occupation, sex, age group,etc.),10.2.7 Results and statistical analysis (see Section 9),10.2.8 Use conditions of the textiles such as dress, casual,
47、work, etc.,10.2.9 Presentation of data that best illustrates the wearperformance of the items tested, and10.2.10 Conclusions.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionBecause of the wide variety of materialsand types of textiles tested, and the variability exhibited byindividual wear testers as well as th
48、e wide variety of wearser-vice conditions used, it is not practical to establish theprecision of this practice.11.2 BiasThe procedures in this practice have no biassince these properties can be evaluated only in terms of suchprocedures.12. Keywords12.1 appearance; bedding material; floor covering; t
49、ablecloth fabrics; upholstery; wear testing; window coverings8Davies, O. L., “Design and Analysis of Industrial Experiments,” Oliver andBoyd, 1961.TABLE 1 Properties That May Be Examined After Each Wear-Refurbishing Cycle or Evaluation PeriodPropertyExisting Test Methods orOther StandardsPossibilities for Apparel EvaluationAbrasion Resistance D3884, D3885D3886, D4157Appearance of collar D4231Appearance of creases AATCC 88-CAppearance of pocket D4231Appearance of placket D4231Appearance of seams AATCC 88-B,AAT
