1、Designation: D3345 17Standard Test Method forLaboratory Evaluation of Solid Wood for Resistance toTermites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation oftreated or untreated solid wood for its resistance to subterra-nean ter
3、mites. This test is considered as a screening test fortreated material and further evaluation by field methods isrequired.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of
4、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningSee7.1.4.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1413
5、Test Method for Wood Preservatives by LaboratorySoil-Block Cultures (Withdrawn 2016)32.2 Other Documents:4AWPA E10 Testing Wood Preservatives by Laboratory Soil-Block Cultures3. Choice or No-Choice Methodology3.1 There are two types of basic information that can beobtained from termite bioassays:3.1
6、.1 Choice test data-termites are presented with multiplefeeding targets and preferential mass loss indicates a materialpreference over an alternative food source.3.1.2 No-choice data-termites are presented with a singularchoice and mass loss indicates ability of the insect to consumethe material. In
7、 no-choice data, mortality data is needed todetermine dose mortality based on consumption of the testmaterial, which is often treated with suspected insecticidalcompounds.3.2 Both choice and no-choice tests shall be permitted whenevaluating materials for resistance to subterranean termites asthe dif
8、ferent tests address different behavioral responses of thetermites.4. Apparatus4.1 Containers, Glass or Clean Plastic, with loosely fittingtops with liners removed, 220 to 450 cm3(8 to 16 oz).4.1.1 If volatile chemicals are to be tested, a 4.8 mm (No. 12or approximately316 in.) hole is drilled in th
9、e center of the topand the appropriate solvent controls shall be included astreatments to identify possible solvent/carrier effects.4.2 Tray, enamel, stainless steel, or plastic, 0.25 m by 0.51m (10 by 20 in.) and bucket.4.3 Paper Towels.5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Benzalkonium Chloride Solution (1
10、+750)Add 1 partbenzalkonium chloride to 750 parts water. A comparablesurface antiseptic is satisfactory.5.2 Distilled Water.5.3 Sand, brown or white, screened, washed, and heat-sterilized.5.4 Southern Yellow Pine (SYP) (Pinus spp.) measuring 25.4mm (1.00 in.) square by 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) in the tange
11、ntialdirection. Sapwood, no visible defects, smoothed surfacesequivalent to planed or sanded, 2 to 3 rings/cm (4 to 6rings/in.). All test samples shall come from same parent board.5.4.1 Other wood species may be used, but in each separatetest using other species as the major test wood, five SYPsapwo
12、od blocks shall be used as additional controls to permitthe correlation of test results among laboratories.5.5 Subterranean TermitesUse a major common speciesof the region being studied.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subco
13、mmittee D07.06 on Treatments for WoodProducts.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3345 08. DOI:10.1520/D3345-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
14、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA), PO B
15、ox361784, Birmingham, AL 35236-1784, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decisi
16、on on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.5.1 Specific identification of any termites used shall beobtained and reported with the test data.6. Determination of Sand
17、Water-Holding Capacity6.1 Determine the quantity of distilled water to be added tothe sand during the test as follows:6.1.1 Place 100 g of oven-dry sand in a beaker anddetermine the volume of water required to saturate the sand.The saturation point is defined as the point when the additionof more wa
18、ter will result in free water on the surface of thesand.6.1.2 Calculate the percent saturation as follows:% Saturation 5 weight of water/oven dry weight of sand! 3100 (1)6.1.3 Add water to the sand as follows:% water to add 5 saturation 2 7.0 (2)6.1.4 For example, the saturation point was reached at
19、 20mL of water:Saturation 5 20/100! 3100 5 20.0% (3)% Water to add 5 20.0 2 7.0 5 13.0%7. Collection of Termites7.1 Subterranean Termites, for example, (Reticulitermes,Coptotermes, spp.)Collect from an active, large colony (over50 000) in a natural forest situation, for example, from fallenlogs, stu
20、mps, and so forth, or from strong laboratory cultures.It is vital to the execution of this assay that healthy termites arecollected for use in the laboratory tests. Non-aggressivelyfeeding termite data can skew results and often lead toimproper conclusions. Careful attention shall be paid to un-trea
21、ted control data over the duration of each test and if massloss due to feeding is not in an acceptable range based on paststudies (1, 2) the test shall be repeated with a fresh collectionof termites.7.1.1 Remove short log sections to the laboratory and splitthem. Shake the insects out onto a tray or
22、 trays. Afterdistributing the debris and insects evenly on the tray(s), laydamp paper towels, sheets of kraft paper, and so forth, over thedebris. The termites will cling to the damp paper after a fewminutes.7.1.2 Prepare an 8 to 11-L (2 to 3-gal) pail by placing aboutten unfolded, slightly crumpled
23、, damp paper towels in thebottom of the pail. Rinse these towels in distilled water andsqueeze damp a number of times. Cover these towels withabout ten unfolded, dry paper towels.7.1.3 Shake the damp towels covering the tray debris intothe above described pail. After 2 to 4 h, remove the dry towelsa
24、nd any insects and debris on them from the pail and discard.Use insects clinging to the lower, damp towels in the test.7.1.4 Do not hold termites in the pail longer than 24 h beforeusing. (WarningExercise reasonable care to ensure that anytermites discarded (for example, 7.1.3) are dead. Oven-drying
25、debris and towels used at 100C for6hissufficient. When atest is finished, exercise reasonable care to ensure that livinginsects are not discarded.)8. Weathering of Test Blocks8.1 If the test material is weathered prior to exposure to theinsects, report the complete details on the weathering.8.2 The
26、ASTM weathering procedure for the soil-block testis recommended (see Test Method D1413).9. Treatment and Conditioning of the Test Blocks9.1 Treatment of test blocks shall follow standard treatmentmethods detailed in AWPA E10-16 (AWPA 2016), initial andfinal weights shall be reported to determine upt
27、ake andretentions of treatments used in bioassays.9.2 Condition all test blocks, following weathering if used,to a constant weight within the equilibrium moisture contentrange from 6 to 14 % moisture content to ensure that all solventis removed prior to exposure to insects.9.3 The ASTM soil-block co
28、nditioning procedure is recom-mended (see Test Method D1413).10. Block Quantity and Identifications10.1 Prepare five replicate blocks for each variable undertest, for example, for each retention of each preservative orchemical to be tested.10.2 Use five untreated blocks as described in 10.1 ascontro
29、ls for each separate study.10.3 If SYP is not used as the species in 10.1 and 10.2, thenadd five blocks of untreated SYP to each study to permit acomparison to studies using SYP as the major species.10.4 Identify all blocks with a number in a suitable manner.11. Assembling Containers11.1 Prior to us
30、ing, wash all containers rinsed in the surfaceantiseptic solution, and dry.11.2 Place the test block in the bottom of the container withone edge of the block up against the side of the container.11.3 Add 200 g of sand to each container.11.4 Use suitable numbers on each container.11.5 Add sufficient
31、distilled water to each container asdetermined in Section 5. After addition of the water, allow thecontainers to stand overnight.11.6 Assemble five containers with sand, water, and ter-mites but without test blocks.12. Adding Termites12.1 Weigh out 1 6 0.05 g of subterranean termites (Section7) and
32、add to each of the previously prepared containers. Selectthe termites so that about 90 % are workers.12.2 Replace the container tops loosely.13. Container Storage and Inspections13.1 Select five test containers randomly and weigh indi-vidually. Maintain all containers at 25.5 to 27.7C (78 to 82F)for
33、 four weeks.D3345 17213.2 At the end of the first and fourth weeks, examine thecontainers and record the presence of tunneling, termitemortality, and position of the termites in the container asfollows:13.2.1 After one week, containers assembled in accordancewith 11.6 shall show virtually complete s
34、urvival, therebyindicating that test procedures have been followed and vigor-ous termites used.13.2.2 Tunneling PresentYes or no. (Tunneling indicatesvigor of insects.)13.2.3 Majority Termite Position(On or beneath surface.Position on surface suggests response of termites to an antago-nizing effect
35、such as repellency of preservative.)13.2.4 Approximate Termite Mortality Slight (0 to 33 %),moderate (34 to 66 %), heavy (67 to 99 %), complete (100 %).13.2.5 Weekly reweigh the five selected containers (13.1)and add distilled water to all containers if the moisture contentof the sand drops below tw
36、o percentage points of the originalmoisture content (see Section 6).14. Container Disassembly14.1 After four weeks disassemble the containers and re-move and clean the blocks. Prior to and during the disassembly,note the items in 13.2. Discard the used sand and termites(Warning See 7.1.4.) and do no
37、t reuse for subsequent tests.15. Block Evaluation15.1 Examine and visually rate each block using the follow-ing rating system:10 Sound, surface nibbles permitted9 Light attack7 Moderate attack, penetration4 Heavy0 FailureFIG. 1 Typical Ratings of Termite Attack on Test BlocksD3345 17315.2 Blocks rep
38、resentative of these levels of attack areshown in Fig. 1.16. Keywords16.1 solid wood; termitesREFERNCES(1) Kard, Brad, Etheridge, Larry, Mallette, E., and Rich, N., “Proceduresfor Preparing Subterranean Termites for Laboratory Studies (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae),” Sociobiology, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2003,
39、pp. 495-511.(This paper does not take into account the effect of storage of termitesand wood consumption or behavior but defines collection andstorage.)(2) Lindsey, Brian, “Evaluation of Parameters Specified in AWPA Stan-dard E1-97, Standard Method for Laboratory Evaluation to DetermineResistance to
40、 Subterranean Termites,” 70, 2010, Mississippi State.http:/sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-03112010-150744/unrestricted/final.pdfASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users
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