1、Designation: D3394 94 (Reapproved 2009)An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing ofelectrical insulating boards. These
3、boards are porous, usuallyfibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes inelectrical apparatus.1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulca-nized fibre or molded laminated sheets.1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materialshaving a nominal thickness of at least
4、0.030 in. (0.76 mm).NOTE 1For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see TestMethods D202.1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:SectionsASTM MethodReferenceApparent Density 18-23Aqueous Extract Characteristics 36-42 D202Ash Content 43-46 T 413Compatibility with DielectricLiquids4
5、7-52 D664, D877, D924,D971, D974, D1169,D1500, D1816,D3455, D3487Compressibility 79-85Conditioning 11 D685Degree of Polymerization 86-89 D4243Dielectric Strength in Air 53-59 D149Dielectric Strength in Oil 60-65 D149, D2413, D3426Dimensions of Sheets 12-17Moisture Content 31-35 D644Oil Absorption 72
6、-78Reports 10Sampling 6-9 D3636Shrinkage 24-30 D644Tensile Properties 66-71 D2021.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 T
7、his standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referen
8、ced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing UntreatedPaper Used for Electrical InsulationD374 Test Methods for Thickness of
9、Solid Electrical Insu-lationD586 Test Method for Ash in Pulp, Paper, and PaperProducts3D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfo
10、r TestingD877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Liquids Using Disk ElectrodesD924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-cal Insulating LiquidsD971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater
11、by the Ring MethodD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) ofElectrical Insulating LiquidsD1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofI
12、nsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE ElectrodesD2413 Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper andBoard Impregnated with a Liquid DielectricD2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equipmentfor Electrical Insulating Materials TestingD3426 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltag
13、e andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approve
14、d Oct. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D3394 94 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D3394-94R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
15、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
16、.Using Impulse WavesD3455 Test Methods for Compatibility of ConstructionMaterial with Electrical Insulating Oil of Petroleum OriginD3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical ApparatusD3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating MaterialsD4243 Te
17、st Method for Measurement ofAverage Viscomet-ric Degree of Polymerization of New and Aged ElectricalPapers and BoardsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 TAPPI Standard:T 413 Determination of Ash in Paper43. Terminology3.1 Description
18、of Term Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 electrical insulating boarda sheet structure, usuallycomposed of cellulosic fibers, utilized for dielectric or struc-tural purposes or both in a variety of electrical apparatus.Board is herein arbitrarily differentiated from paper in that it isat least 0.030 i
19、n. (0.76 mm) thick and is manufactured only insheets of limited length. Other names for these products arepressboard, transformer board, fuller board, and press pan.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 This standard is a compilation of test methods forelectrical insulating board. Provisions are included fo
20、r sam-pling, testing, and judging acceptability of a given quantity ofboard.5. Reagents5.1 Reagents shall conform to the requirements set forth inTest Methods D202.SAMPLING6. Scope6.1 This test method covers the determination of lot accept-ability of electrical insulating board. It is designed for t
21、hepurpose of determining acceptability of all or that portion of ashipment to a customer identified by a manufacturers lotnumber. It is not intended to cover internal board mill qualitycontrol plans. The method is intended for use in conjunctionwith product specifications for electrical insulating b
22、oard.7. Terminology7.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:7.1.1 The descriptions of terms used in this test method,with the exception of the definition of “unit of product,” are inaccordance with Practice D3636.7.1.2 unit of productan entity of electrical insulatingboard on which one or
23、 more quality characteristics may bedetermined. A unit of product may be a sheet, pallet, box,carton, case, package, or bundle. The unit of product isestablished by the customer and may or may not be the sameas the unit of purchase, supply, production, or shipment.8. Establishing Acceptable Quality
24、Levels (AQLs)8.1 Acceptable quality levels (AQLs) for each major andminor property (as defined in Practice D3636) shall be asmutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. Inaddition, group AQLs may be established for given groups ofproperties and these too shall be mutually agreed upon
25、betweenthe purchaser and the seller.9. Selection of Sample and Identification of Lot Sample9.1 Samples shall be in accordance with Practice D3636,with the exception of those paragraphs pertaining specificallyto rolls, pads, or bobbins.9.2 Mark each unit of the sample so that it may be identifiedat a
26、ny time by the seller and the purchaser.REPORTS10. Report10.1 At the completion of all tests record the results in a testreport that includes the following:10.1.1 Identification (of the board sampled and tested) bylot number, type, grade, etc.,10.1.2 Dates of testing,10.1.3 Location of the testing l
27、aboratory and the name of theperson responsible for testing,10.1.4 Remarks indicating the method used and any devia-tion from the standard,10.1.5 Test results as specified in the individual method, and10.1.6 Specification limits for each property measured forthe board being tested.10.2 Report the re
28、sults as calculated or observed valuesrounded to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place offigures used in the material specification to express the limitingvalue (see Practice E29).CONDITIONING11. Conditioning11.1 Condition samples and specimens cut from the samples(with the exception of samp
29、les taken for moisture determina-tion or as otherwise specified) in a circulating-air atmospheremaintained at 50 6 2 % relative humidity and a temperature of23 6 2C, using procedures as specified in Method D685.11.2 For referee purposes, the conditioning specified in 11.1will give most consistent re
30、sults. However, for routine testingunder factory or other non-standard atmospheric conditions, ifthe board has a moisture content within the range from 5 to 7 %as determined in Sections 31-34, there will be only slightvariations from properties as determined after conditioningspecified above.DIMENSI
31、ONS OF SHEETS12. Apparatus12.1 ScaleA scale of suitable length graduated such thatlengths, widths, and diagonals can be directly read to within4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.D3394 94 (2
32、009)2half of the allowable tolerance for these dimensions. The scaleshall be properly calibrated in accordance with Practice D2865.12.2 Thickness-Measuring DeviceMachinist micrometerwith ratchet as specified in Test Methods D374.13. Sampling13.1 Sample in accordance with Sections 6-9.14. Test Specim
33、ens14.1 Specimens for determination of length, width, andsquareness of sheets shall be whole sheets. For thicknessdeterminations, a whole sheet may be used or, if desired, aportion of a whole sheet will serve as a specimen. If a portionis selected as a specimen for thickness determination, thatporti
34、on shall be representative of the full width (cross-graindirection) of the sheet.14.2 Determine the dimensions as received, provided themoisture content is in the specification range for the materialbeing tested (see 11.2).15. Procedure15.1 Measure the length and the width of each specimen tothe nea
35、rest appropriate unit. Make at least two measurementsin each direction.15.2 Measure each of the two diagonals of each specimen.15.3 Measure the thickness in accordance with Test Meth-ods D374, Method A. Make at least five thickness determina-tions across the sheet.NOTE 2Points of measurement should
36、be selected to include the areasmost likely to be the extremes.16. Report16.1 The report shall conform to Section 10 and shallinclude the following:16.1.1 Sheet size, reported as the average of the measure-ments in each direction.16.1.2 Squareness of the sheet, reported as the quotient ofthe shorter
37、 diagonal divided by the longer diagonal (forconvenience, squareness is expressed as a percent).NOTE 3This method of calculating squareness assumes that the sheetclosely approximates a parallelogram in shape. If measurements of widthor length vary at different points, it is possible that a high squa
38、reness valuemay be calculated from measurements on a sheet that differs significantlyfrom being rectangular.16.1.3 Average thickness, and16.1.4 Variation in thickness, reported as the differencebetween the highest and the lowest thickness value obtained in15.3.17. Precision and Bias17.1 The precisio
39、n and bias of this test method are notknown.APPARENT DENSITY18. Scope18.1 This test method may be used for determination ofapparent density of insulating board, using measurements ofdimensions and weight made after appropriate conditioning.18.2 Procedures are given for determining either the “wet-we
40、t” or the “dry-dry” density.19. Significance and Use19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physicalcharacteristics of insulating board and is a factor in theeconomics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful forspecification, design, and quality control purposes.20. Apparatus20.1 Scale
41、 or Calipers, graduated in units of length, with thesmallest graduation equal to, or less than, 0.25 % of thesmallest dimension to be measured, calibrated in accordancewith Practice D2865.20.2 Balance, graduated in units of weight, with the small-est graduation equal to, or less than, 0.25 % of the
42、specimenweight, calibrated in accordance with Recommended PracticeD2865.20.3 Thickness-Measuring Device, conforming to the re-quirements of Test Methods D374, Method A.20.4 Oven, conforming to the requirements of Test MethodD644.21. Procedure21.1 From each unit of product in the sample obtained inac
43、cordance with Sections 6 through 9, prepare at least tworectangular specimens having an area of at least 75 in.2(0.05m2) each.21.2 Procedure A: Wet-Wet DensityCondition the speci-mens in accordance with Section 11.21.3 Procedure B: Dry-Dry DensityDry the specimens toconstant weight in an oven at 105
44、 6 3C, in accordance withTest Method D644. Cool to room temperature, using a desic-cator or other means to prevent reabsorption of moisture.Exposure to the open air while making the measurementsspecified in 21.4 shall be sufficiently brief that there will not bea weight increase of more than 0.1 % o
45、f the oven-dry weight ofthe specimens.21.4 Measure the width, length, and thickness in accordancewith Section 15 to determine the weight of each specimen.21.5 From the dimensions and weight of each specimen,calculate the apparent density and report the results in units ofgrams per cubic centimetre,
46、calculated as follows:Apparent density, g/cm35weight 3 factorvolume(1)Weight Units Volume Units Factorgcm31gin.30.0610lb in.327.6822. Report22.1 The report shall be in accordance with Section 10, andinclude the individual results for the apparent density of eachspecimen.23. Precision and Bias23.1 Th
47、e precision and bias of this test method are notknown.D3394 94 (2009)3SHRINKAGE24. Significance and Use24.1 The dimensions of electrical insulating boards willchange as a function of moisture content, which varies withchanges in the ambient relative humidity or as a result of heator vacuum used in d
48、rying operations. The suitability of a boardfor some particular applications may be affected by themagnitude and direction of these dimensional changes.24.2 The dimensional changes resulting from oven dryingof specimens that have been conditioned under specifiedhumidity conditions are used in this m
49、ethod as a measure of theshrinkage characteristics. This method is useful for designpurposes, for specifications, and for some special controlpurposes.25. Test Specimens25.1 Cut square or rectangular pieces having dimensions ofat least 3 in. (76 mm) in the plane of the sheet. The dimensionsin the plane of the sheet may be determined by measuringeither the overall distances between smoothly finished edges,or the distances between benchmarks on one face of thespecimen. The optimum size of the test specimen will bedetermined by the method used for measuring the dimension
