1、Designation: D3415 98 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forIdentification of Waterborne Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3415; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the broad concepts of sampling andanalyzing waterborne oils for identification and comparisonwith suspected source
3、oils. Detailed procedures are referencedin this practice. A general approach is given to aid theinvestigator in planning a program to solve the problem ofchemical characterization and to determine the source of awaterborne oil sample.1.2 This practice is applicable to all waterborne oils takenfrom w
4、ater bodies, either natural or man-made, such as openoceans, estuaries or bays, lakes, rivers, smaller streams, canals;or from beaches, marshes, or banks lining or edging thesewater systems. Generally, the waterborne oils float on thesurface of the waters or collect on the land surfaces adjoiningthe
5、 waters, but occasionally these oils, or portions, are emul-sified or dissolved in the waters, or are incorporated into thesediments underlying the waters, or into the organisms livingin the water or sediments.1.3 This practice as presently written proposes the use ofspecific analytical techniques d
6、escribed in the referencedASTM standards. As additional techniques for characterizingwaterborne oils are developed and written up as test methods,this practice will be revised.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsib
7、ility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization
8、 established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3325 Practice for Pre
9、servation of Waterborne Oil SamplesD3326 Practice for Preparation of Samples for Identificationof Waterborne OilsD3328 Test Methods for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by Gas ChromatographyD3414 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by Infrared SpectroscopyD3650 Test Meth
10、od for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils By Fluorescence AnalysisD4489 Practices for Sampling of Waterborne OilsD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5037 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(Withdrawn 2002)3D5739 Prac
11、tice for Oil Spill Source Identification by GasChromatography and Positive Ion Electron Impact LowResolution Mass SpectrometryE620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Tech-nical Experts3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminolog
12、y D1129, and to Practices D3325, D3326, D4489,and D5739, and Test Methods D3328, D3650, and D5037.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 waterborne oil, nany oil, whether or not derivedfrom petroleum, carried by a water system (for example, ocean,bay, lake, river, etc.) usually at
13、the surface but occasionallyemulsified or dissolved in the water. The waterborne oil canalso be found on beaches or banks edging the water body, inthe sediments underlying the water, or in the organisms livingin the water or in the sediments.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、 D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysis forOrganic Substances in Water.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D3415 98 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/D3415-98R17.
15、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is ref
16、erenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for
17、theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Significance and Use4.1 Oil from one crude oil field is readily distinguishablefrom another, and differences in the makeup of oils from thesame
18、 crude oil field can often be observed as well. Refined oilsare fractions from crude oil stocks, usually derived fromdistillation processes. Two refined oils of the same type differbecause of dissimilarities in the characteristics of their crudeoil feed stocks as well as variations in refinery proce
19、sses andany subsequent contact with other oils mixed in during transferoperations from residues in tanks, ships, pipes, hoses, and soforth. Thus, all petroleum oils, to some extent, have chemicalcompositions different from each other.4.2 Identification of a recovered oil is determined by com-parison
20、 with known oils selected because of their possiblerelationship to the particular recovered oil, for example,suspected sources. Thus, samples of such known oils must becollected and submitted along with the unknown for analysis.Identification of the source of an unknown oil by itself cannotbe made w
21、ithout comparison to a known oil. The principles ofoil spill identification are discussed in Ref (1).44.3 Many similarities (within uncertainties of sampling,analysis and weathering) will be needed to establish theidentity beyond a reasonable doubt. The analyses describedwill distinguish many, but n
22、ot all samples. Examples ofweathering of various classes of oils are included in Ref (2).4.4 This practice is a guide to the use ofASTM test methodsfor the analysis of oil samples for oil spill identificationpurposes. The evaluation of results from analytical methodsand preparation of an Oil Spill I
23、dentification Report arediscussed in this practice. Other analytical methods are de-scribed in Ref (3).4.5 Aquality assurance program for oil spill identification isspecified.5. Plan for Identification of Waterborne Oils5.1 SamplingCollect a representative sample of oil ac-cording to Practices D4489
24、, Guide D4840. Because of the widevariety of oils carried and used by shipping and because of thepossibility of pollution also arising from industrial activity,samples of suspected source oils must be collected at this timeso that comparisons can be made between the waterborne oil inquestion and the
25、 suspected source oils. Chain of Custodyprocedures, such as Guide D4840, should be followed.5.2 Preservation of SampleProtect the waterborne oil, aswell as the suspected source oils, against possible contamina-tion or microbial degradation, or both, by proper preservationmethods as described in Prac
26、tice D3325.5.3 Preparation of SamplePrepare the waterborne oil, aswell as the quality control sample (described in 5.4) and anysuspected source oils, as described in Practice D3326.5.4 Quality Assurance Procedures:5.4.1 In addition to procedures specified within each testmethod to monitor instrument
27、 performance, a quality controlsample is analyzed with samples for each spill case. Thismonitors both sample preparation and instrument performance.5.4.2 Remove an aliquot of one of the samples for each caseprior to sample preparation and treat it as a separate sample.This quality control (QC) sampl
28、e should be taken from a spillsample if there is sufficient sample volume to do so. Otherwise,a suspected source sample may be used.5.4.3 Evaluate the data for the QC sample and its duplicatealiquot according to the guidelines described for each TestMethod (refer to 5.5). If the data do not meet the
29、 criteria for amatch, investigate the problem. If there is a problem with oneinstrument, the analysis must be repeated for that test methodafter the problem is corrected. If there is a sample preparationproblem, the analysis should be repeated after the problem isidentified.5.5 Analysis of Samples:5
30、.5.1 Analyze spill samples as well as any suspected sourceoils, by gas chromatography (Test Method A or B of TestMethods D3328, D3414) and by either infrared analysis (TestMethods D3414, D3650), or fluorescence spectroscopy (TestMethod D3650, Practices D4489). Interpretation of the gaschromatograms
31、and infrared or fluorescence spectra of thewaterborne oil and the suspected source oils should provideinformation as to whether the waterborne oil is from apetroleum source, whether its carbon-number range is similarto distillate, residual, or crude oil, and whether it resembles anyof the possible s
32、uspected source oils. If the waterborne oil isweathered, it may not be possible to determine if it is a crudeoil or a residual oil by gas chromatography. Odor and physicalappearance may help to determine if the waterborne oil isactually from a petroleum source. Distillation is not required.5.5.2 For
33、 final identification with a possible source, thesamples shall be analyzed by another method in addition toTest Methods D3328. Test Methods D3650 or D3414, if thereis sufficient sample to do so, may be used for simple caseswithout significant weathering. If weathering is significant,analysis should
34、include Practice D5739.6. Evaluation of Analytical Data6.1 Data interpretation in oil spill source identification is notstraight forward. It is fundamentally different from that ofquantitative chemical analyses, in that it involves a qualitativecomparison of “fingerprints.” The primary difference ar
35、isesbecause of a complication brought about by the chemicalalteration of a spilled oil. From the moment oil enters theenvironment, evaporation, dissolution, photochemicaloxidation, biodegradation, and other processes begin to alterthe oils characteristics or “fingerprint.” The combined effectsof the
36、se processes are termed weathering and can significantlycomplicate data interpretation. The experienced oil spill ana-lyst is familiar with the complexities of the weatheringprocesses and their impact on the test methods, and is able todistinguish real differences between two oils from thoseapparent
37、 differences resulting from weathering alterations.Contamination of the spilled oil with other oils or chemicalsubstances is another factor which may have to be considered.Interference from contaminants can usually be recognized assuch and discounted when weighing the test results. However,4The bold
38、face numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.D3415 98 (2017)2at times, severe weathering or contamination, or both, canmask most of the inherent similarities between oils. In suchcases, comparison of test results may be inconclusive. For suchcases, biomarker a
39、nalysis by gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry (GC/MS) (Practice D5739) is imperative and maygive conclusive results when other methods do not.6.2 For each standard method, results are specified asMatch, Probable Match, Indeterminate, and Non-Match. Thesecategories represent standardized degrees o
40、f differences be-tween the analyses of two oils. They are not intended, bythemselves, to make a statement about the origin of the oil. Theanalyst interprets the results of all the tests in the light ofexperience and the existing body of knowledge about oilanalysis, and draws conclusions about whethe
41、r or not certainsamples came from the same source. For example, evaporativeweathering may affect the comparison of fluorescence orinfrared fingerprints more severely than the gas chromato-grams. The overall conclusion should be consistent with thecombined results.7. Reporting Results7.1 The results
42、and overall conclusions should be reportedfor the combined results of the test method used. An acceptedformat similar to Practice E620 may be used. Copies of theoriginal data and the conditions for each test method should beappended to the report.8. Keywords8.1 oil analysis; oil identification; spil
43、led oils; waterborneoils; weatheringREFERENCES(1) Bentz, A. P., “Oil Spill Identification,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 48,1976, pp. 454A472A.(2) Oil Spill Identification System, U.S. Coast Guard, CG-D-52-77,ADA044750, NTIS, Springfield, VA, June 1977.(3) Butt, J. A., ed., Characterization of Spilled
44、Oil Samples, published onbehalf of The Institute of Petroleum, London, John Wiley and Sons,New York, NY, 1986.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised
45、 that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either rea
46、pproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If yo
47、u feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual
48、 reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 98 (2017)3
