1、Designation: D4683 17Standard Test Method forMeasuring Viscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at HighShear Rate and High Temperature by Tapered BearingSimulator Viscometer at 150 C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4683; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S
3、. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofthe viscosity of engine oils at 150 C and 1.0106s1using aviscometer having a slightly tapered rotor and stator called theTapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) Viscometer.21.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to
4、establish this testmethod range from approximately 1.2 mPas to 7.7 mPas at150 C. The precision has only been determined for theviscosity range 1.47 mPas to 5.09 mPas at 150 C for thematerials listed in the precision section.1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish theshear rate of 1.010
5、6s1for this test method has a viscosityclosely held to 3.55 mPas at 150 C by using the absoluteviscometry of the TBS.1.4 Manual, semi-automated, and fully automated TBSviscometers were used in developing the precision statementfor this test method.1.5 Application to petroleum products such as base o
6、ils andformulated engine oils was determined in preparing the visco-metric information for this test method.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6.1 This test method uses the milliPascalsecond (mPas)as the unit
7、of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centipoise(cP).1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-b
8、ility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-perature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug ViscometerD5481 Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity atHigh-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell
9、Cap-illary ViscometerD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvementof Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods thatPurport to Measure the Same Property of a Material2.
10、2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard:4,5CEC L-36-90 The Measurement of Lubricant DynamicViscosity under Conditions of High Shear2.3 Energy Institute Standard:6,5IP 370 Test Method for the Measurement of LubricantDynamicViscosity Under Conditions of High Shear Usingthe Ravenfield Viscometer
11、3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published Febraury 2017. Originallyappro
12、ved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4683 13. DOI:10.1520/D4683-17.2The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to A
13、STM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSt
14、andards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Coordinating European Council (CEC), Services provided byKellen Europe, Avenue Jules Bordet 142 - 1140, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cectests.org.5This test method is technically identical to
15、that described in CEC L-36 (underthe jurisdiction of the CEC Engine Lubricants Technical Committee) and IP 370references CEC L-036.6Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardT
16、his international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade
17、(TBT) Committee.13.1.1 apparent viscosity, nviscosity of a non-Newtonianliquid determined by this test method at a particular shear rateand shear stress.3.1.2 Newtonian oil or liquid, noil or liquid that at a giventemperature exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates andshear stresses.3.1.3 n
18、on-Newtonian oil or liquid, noil or liquid thatexhibits a viscosity that varies with changing shear stress andshear rate.3.1.4 shear rate, nvelocity gradient in liquid flow inmillimetres per second per millimetre (mm/s per mm) resultingfrom applied shear stress. The System International (SI) unitfor
19、 shear rate is reciprocal seconds, s-1.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe velocity gradient in the taperedbearing simulator viscometer is constant at any chosen rotor-stator gap and rotor speed.3.1.5 shear stress, nforce per unit area causing liquid flowover the area where viscous shear is being caused; in SI, t
20、heunit of shear stress is the Pascal (Pa).3.1.6 viscosity, nratio of applied shear stress and theresulting rate of shear. It is sometimes called dynamic orabsolute viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance toflow of the liquid at a given temperature. In SI, the unit ofviscosity is the Pasc
21、alsecond (Pas), often conveniently ex-pressed as milliPascalsecond (mPas), which has the Englishsystem equivalent of the centipoise (cP).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration and reference oils2, noils used to estab-lish the viscosity-torque relationship of the TBS Vis
22、cometer at150 C from which both appropriate rotor/stator gap and theviscosity of an unknown oil is calculated.3.2.1.1 Newtonian calibration oils2, nNewtonian oils for-mulated to span a viscosity range suitable for generating thetorque-viscosity relationship necessary to calculate the viscos-ity of u
23、nknown liquids from their indicated torque values.3.2.1.2 non-Newtonian reference oil2, nNNR-03An oilspecially formulated for, and critical to, this test method. Thereference oil NNR-03 produces a selected value of apparentviscosity at a desired temperature and shear rate (see Note 1).3.2.1.3 Newton
24、ian reference oil2, nR-400A speciallyformulated Newtonian oil that has the same viscosity at 150 Cas the non-Newtonian reference oil NNR-03 of 3.2.1.2.3.2.2 filter2, nspecial filter for removing particles poten-tially damaging to the rotor-stator interface from the test oilbeing injected.3.2.3 idlin
25、g oil2, noxidatively stable Newtonian oil in-jected into the operating viscometer cell when the instrument islikely to be waiting for use and held at operating temperaturefor more than 20 min and up to two weeks without need forreplacing the idling oil.3.2.3.1 DiscussionUse of this idling oil preven
26、ts forma-tion of stator and rotor deposits of a test oil, which if left formore than 20 min at 150 C in the instrument may begin todecompose. The idling oil this permits continuous operation ofthe TBS viscometer without the need to shut the instrument offwhen not being used for extended periods, suc
27、h as overnight orover several days, if desired.3.2.4 mechanical or digital micrometer, nmechanical orelectronic device to measure or adjust the position of the TBSviscometer rotor in the stator.3.2.4.1 DiscussionMechanical micrometers increase read-ings with rotor depth. The digital micrometer inter
28、acts with theTBS viscometers program and permits the program to main-tain the rotor height at the desired shear rate using thenon-Newton reference oil of 3.2.1.2.3.2.5 reciprocal torque, 1/T, ndetermined value of theinverse of the torque generated by the TBS viscometer whichtorque is indicated on th
29、e console or computer depending onwhether the viscometer is being used in the manual orautomated (programmed) mode.3.2.6 reciprocal torque intersection, 1/Ti,nrotor positionon the micrometer defined by the intersection of two linesgenerated by the reciprocal indicated torque versus rotor heightfor b
30、oth the non-Newtonian NNR-03 and the NewtonianR-400. The intersection indicates the rotor height at which therotor/stator cell will generate 1.0106s1shear rate.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThis technique of accurately establish-ing the shear rate is called the Reciprocal Torque InterceptMethod and requires the
31、 absolute viscometry of the TBS (see10.1.4 and AnnexA2) as well as the use of both the Newtonianreference oil of 3.2.1.3 and the non-Newtonian reference oil of3.2.1.2.3.2.7 rotor height (rotor position), nvertical position ofthe rotor relative to the stator and measured by a mechanical orelectronic
32、micrometer (see 3.2.4) depending on the Model ofthe TBS.3.2.7.1 DiscussionFor all TBS viscometers, the rotordecreases in position and approaches contact with the statorwith indicated increasing values on the mechanical or elec-tronic micrometers.3.2.8 rubbing contact position, nrotor height determin
33、edwhen the tapered rotor is brought into slipping contact with thesimilarly tapered stator.3.2.9 stored position of rotor height, nrotor position withthe rotor 0.50 mm above the rubbing contact position (see3.2.8) when the instrument is shut down.3.2.10 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent visc
34、osity isto be determined by this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A motor turns a tapered rotor closely fitted inside amatched tapered stator at a rotor-stator gap found by theReciprocal Torque Intersection Method (see Annex A2)toprovide 1.0106s1at 150 C, which are the test conditions ofthis
35、 particular test method. When this operating condition isestablished, test oils are introduced into the gap between thespinning rotor and stationary stator either directly by theoperator or indirectly by automated injection. When a testliquid is injected, the rotor experiences a reactive torque to t
36、heliquids resistance to flow (viscous friction) and this torqueresponse level is used to determine the apparent viscosity.D4683 1725. Significance and Use5.1 Viscosity values at the shear rate and temperature of thistest method have been indicated to be related to the viscosityproviding hydrodynamic
37、 lubrication in automotive and heavyduty engines in severe service.75.2 The viscosities of engine oils under such high tempera-tures and shear rates are also related to their effects on fuelefficiency and the importance of high shear rate, high tempera-ture viscosity has been addressed in a number o
38、f publicationsand presentations.76. Apparatus6.1 Tapered Bearing Simulator-Viscometer (TBS)2A pat-ented viscometer consisting of a motor directly connected to aslightly tapered rotor that fits into a matched tapered stator (seeFig. 1). The reaction torque of the rotor to the liquid in the cellis mea
39、sured and used to calculated viscosity. Several models ofthe TBS Viscometer are in use (see Annex A1 for informationand pictures of later models). All TBS models are capable ofanalyzing test oils at temperatures from 40 C to 200 C, butearlier models were more limited in their upper viscosity range.T
40、his is the same apparatus as used in the CEC L-36-90 testmethod listed under “Tannas Equipment”.NOTE 1Regarding the physics of simple flow, fluids are commonlydivided into two major classes, Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Newto-nian fluids follow Newtons equation of flow in which shear rate is directl
41、yproportional to shear stress and viscosity does not change with either shearrate or shear stress at constant temperature. In contrast, the shear rate ofa non-Newtonian fluid is not directly proportional to shear stress and theviscosity of such a fluid is not constant with shear rate at a giventempe
42、rature.Since the shear rate and shear stress of a fluid can be directly measuredif desired with the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) Viscometer with nocalibration with reference fluids, the TBS is an absolute viscometer andthe shear rate at which it is operating can be determined during operationand
43、adjusted to the desired value as shown in AnnexA2.As such, the TBSprovides non-Newtonian reference oils having known viscosities atwhatever shear rate and temperature is desired such as the non-NewtonianReference Oil, NNR-03, mentioned in 7.2 to, in this case, assure preciseoperation at operation at
44、 1.0106s1and 150 C. Other reference oils areavailable for other temperatures and shear rates.6.1.1 The stator enclosed within its insulated housing is heldimmobile while the motor and the connected rotor are setabove and within the stator, respectively, on a cantileveredplatform attached to a mechan
45、ical elevator that can be movedvertically either manually or by a computer program using astepper motor to change the platform height (see Annex A1).6.1.2 The resistive force of the test oil is transferred to aload cell that measures the torque required to turn the rotor atthe speed selected. Earlie
46、r models of the TBS viscometeroperated at 3500 or 3600 r/min depending on the frequency ofthe supplied voltage. Later models (2100 E, and 2100 EF) havebeen equipped to operate at multiple speeds which allow theoperator to produce a series of shear rates variable by choice ofthe combination of initia
47、l rotor-stator gap and rotor speed.NOTE 2This technique applies to all TBS viscometer models, manual,semi-automated, and fully automated.6.2 Three models of theTBSViscometer (Models 500, 2100E, and EF) are shown in Annex A1 and have the operatingviscosities, cooling modes, and temperatures given in
48、TableA1.1.NOTE 3TBS Models 400, 450, 500, 600, and SS use a so-calledbouncer to prepare the load cell for taking a torque reading except whendetermining the Reciprocal Torque Intercept. (The semi-automated ver-sion of Model 500 automatically applies the bouncer at the appropriatepoint of operation a
49、utomatically as part of its program.) Models 2100 Eand 2100 EF do not require the bouncer technique, since neither hasturntable bearings.26.3 Automated and Semi-automated Systems forCalibration, Injection, and Data Analysis ProgramsAutomated programs for the TBS Viscometer simulate themanual method. Programmed as well as manually operatedTBS Viscometers were used in producing the data supportingthis test method.6.4 Cooling SystemsAs shown in Table A1.1, in additionto natural radiation and convection of heat from the
