1、Designation: D3437 11Standard Practice forSampling and Handling Liquid Cyclic Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling and han-dling several liquid cyclic products. These specifically coverliquids at ambient temperat
3、ure and include benzene, toluene,xylenes, cyclohexane, styrene, pyridine, ethylbenzene, isopro-pylbenzene, and alpha-methylstyrene.1.2 Any person sampling and handling these productsshould have specific first aid instructions and equipmentavailable for use in the event of personal contact or exposur
4、e.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, as
5、sociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Sections 5, 6 and 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
6、2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD850 Test Method for Distillation of Industrial AromaticHydrocarbons and Related MaterialsD3505 Test Method for Density or Relative Density of PureLiquid ChemicalsE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals2.2 American National Standards I
7、nstitute Standard:Z 288.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code32.3 API Document:4RP-500A Classification of Locations for Electrical Installa-tions in Petroleum Refineries42.4 Other Documents:OSHA Regulations, 29 CFR paragraphs 1910.1000 and1910.20005OSHA Benzene Standard, 29 CFR 1910.10285U.S. DOT
8、 Regulations, 49 CFR Transportation SubchapterC, Parts 171-1805DOT/USCG 46 CFR Subchapter O, Part 17153. Significance and Use3.1 This practice is issued to provide information useful inestablishing sampling and handling procedures. It is expectedthat this information will only be utilized in conjunc
9、tion withan existing health and safety program and consultation with anappropriate MSDS. The information provided herein cannot beused as a substitute for expert safety and medical advice asprovided in appropriate MSDS, but rather as a supplement tosuch advice.4. Description of Products (See Table 1
10、)4.1 These liquids are marketed in different grades of purityso the physical properties may vary slightly.4.2 The products listed in Table 1 are classified by theDepartment of Transportation as flammable liquids, and con-tainers must bear flammable liquid labels. Trucks and tank carsmust have flamma
11、ble liquid placards.4.2.1 These products are ordinarily transported in steeldrums, tank cars, tank trucks, barges and ships.4.2.2 While these products are dangerous when handledimproperly, their unloading need not be hazardous providingthe hazards are recognized and handling instructions are rigidly
12、observed.4.3 Products shipped by air must be packaged to meet IATAand ICAO requirements.5. Hazards5.1 HealthConsult current OSHA regulations, suppliersMaterial Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations for allmaterials used in this practice.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、D16 on AromaticHydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D16.08 on Handling and Sampling Aromatic and Cyclic Hydrocarbons.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D3
14、437 - 10. DOI:10.1520/D3437-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Natio
15、nal Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capit
16、ol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Fire:5.2.1 All of these liquids introduc
17、e a potential fire hazardwhere they are stored, handled, or used.5.2.2 Vapors of all of these materials can form explosivemixtures with air.5.2.3 Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water fog canbe used in fighting fires of these products. Special alcohol-typefoam is required to extinguish effect
18、ively a fire involvingpyridine.6. Protection Equipment6.1 Employees who work with the chemicals listed inTable 1 should be trained and should maintain safe workingconditions. Persons working with these chemicals require eye,face, body protection, and, for benzene, various types ofrespiratory protect
19、ion that is dictated by the amount of expo-sure. Consult MSDS for more specific recommendations.6.2 Personal protective equipment is not an adequate sub-stitute for good safe working conditions, proper ventilation,and intelligent conduct. Correct usage of protection equipmentrequires education in pr
20、oper use.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Unloading, loading and sampling operations must beconducted by carefully instructed employees and only whenadequate lighting is provided.7.2 Be sure that the storage tank is safely vented beforeconnecting the unloading line.7.3 Take extreme care to prevent spills an
21、d leaks. In casematerial is spilled, wash contaminated areas thoroughly withlarge quantities of water and collect the liquid in the plantchemical waste system. All spill-related activities should com-ply with applicable EPA, OSHA and local regulations andlaws.7.4 Because of the flammability of vapor
22、s, do not permitsparks or open flames in the vicinity of barges, ships, tank cars,tank trucks, drums, or storage tanks. All electrical equipmentand wiring shall be of a type specified by and shall be installedin accordance with the National Electrical Code after deter-mining whether or not the opera
23、tion is carried out in aclassified or unclassified area for electrical installations. Elec-trically bond tank cars, tank trucks, and drums by an approvedmethod. Smoking is absolutely prohibited.NOTE 1See API RP-500A and ANSI Z 288.1, Chapters VI and VIII,on electric installations.7.5 Do not permit w
24、orkmen to enter an empty storagevessel, barge, ship, tank car, or tank truck until it has beenthoroughly washed out with warm water, followed by athorough steaming, and the tank atmosphere analyzed foroxygen as well as flammables. Entry should not be madewithout respiratory protection if the vapor s
25、pace is not incompliance with OSHA TWA values. SUPERVISORS AP-PROVAL FOR ENTRY IS REQUIRED IN EVERY CASE.7.6 Employees handling benzene must be trained annuallyto meet the requirements of OSHA Benzene Standard (29 CFR1910.1028) and wear the respiratory protection listed.7.7 Employees shall:7.7.1 Kno
26、w the hazards connected with the handling ofspecific products;7.7.2 Be completely acquainted with the purpose, use, andmaintenance of personal protective equipment;7.7.3 Be trained to report promptly to supervision allsuspected leaks or equipment failures;7.7.4 Be trained to recognize and report any
27、 symptoms ofsystemic poisoning or skin contact; be thoroughly trained in theproper procedures for administering first aid and for obtainingprofessional medical help;7.7.5 Know and routinely practice the accepted methods ofsampling and handling these materials in order to avoid spillingor splashing,
28、leaks, skin contact, vapor or mist inhalation, oringestion;7.7.6 Be completely familiar with the location and operationof safety showers, eye baths, hose lines, and all other first aidequipment; and7.7.7 Know the importance of personal cleanliness and thenecessity for immediate removal of clothing c
29、ontaminated withthese products.8. Unloading and Sampling of Tank Cars8.1 Unloading:TABLE 1 Physical PropertiesProductBoilingPoint,ACSolidificationPoint,BCFlash PointCClosed Cup,CReid VaporPressureCharacteristics,BPsia (kPa)RelativeDensity,D15.56/15.56COdorThreshold,Bmg/kgExplosionLimitBLower(volume
30、%)ExplosionLimitBHigherAutoignitionTemperatureBF (C)Benzene 80 5.5 11 3.22(22.20) 0.88 4.7 1.3 7.9 1097 (592)Cyclohexane 80 6.6 17 3.3(22.75) 0.78 2.5 1.3 8.4 518 (270)Ethylbenzene 136 95 15 0.4(2.76) 0.87 140 1.0 6.7 860 (460)Isopropylbenzene 152 96 46 0.5(3.45) 0.87 1.2 0.9 6.5 797 (425)Pyridine 1
31、15 42 20 0.77(5.31) 0.99 0.02 1.8 12.4 900 (482)Styrene 145 30 31 0.27(1.86) 0.91 0.15 1.1 6.1 914 (490)Toluene 110 95 4 1.1(7.58) 0.87 0.17 1.3 7.0 997 (536)Xylene (mixed) 137 to 144 65 27 0.4(2.76) 0.87 0.05 1.0 7.0 977 (525)oXylene 144 25 17 0.28(1.93) 0.88 0.05 1.1 7.0 869 (465)pXylene 138 13 27
32、 0.34(2.34) 0.87 0.05 1.1 6.6 870 (466)alpha-Methyl Styrene 165 23 45 0.23(1.59) 0.91 10 1.9 6.1 1066 (574)ASee Test Method D850.BWeiss, G., Hazardous Chemicals Data Book, Second Edition, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1986.CSee Test Method D56.DSee Test Method D3505.D3437 1128.1.1 Because of t
33、he flammable properties of these materi-als, the unloading of tank cars containing chemicals is ahazardous operation. Carefully read and follow all shippersinstructions and all caution markings on both sides of the tankand dome.8.1.2 Before removing the manhole cover or outlet valvecap, relieve the
34、tank car of all internal pressure by venting thetank. This can be accomplished by raising the safety valve, oropening the vent on the dome at short intervals. If venting torelieve pressure will cause a dangerous amount of vapor toescape, defer venting and unloading until the pressure isreduced by al
35、lowing the car to stand overnight or otherwisecooling the contents.8.1.3 Use bonding facilities for protection against staticsparks during the unloading of tank cars through open domes.This shall consist of a bond wire permanently electricallyconnected to the unloading pipe or some part of the struc
36、ture inelectrical contact with the unloading pipe. Provide the free endof such wire with a clamp or equivalent device for convenientattachment to some metallic part of the tank car. Such bondingconnection shall be made fast to the tank car before domecovers are raised and shall remain in place until
37、 unloading iscomplete and all dome covers closed and secure. This bondwire is not required when the unloading pipe is all metal andthe unloading pipe is electrically bonded to the rail tracks.NOTE 2See ANSI Z 288.1, Chapter VI.8.1.4 Tank cars can be unloaded through the dome connec-tion or through t
38、he bottom outlet. Never use air pressure forthis purpose. Use of a pump or nitrogen pressure are therecommended methods. If the car does not have an eductionpipe, insert one and remove the contents by pumping. If it isnecessary to leave the car unattended after unloading has beenstarted, disconnect
39、all unloading connections. First close allvalves tightly and apply the closures to all other openingssecurely.8.2 Sampling:8.2.1 Samples may be taken through the manway openingby means of a clean, dry, 1-L bottle held in a clean, dry sheathof nickel or stainless steel attached to a long rod or light
40、weightchain of the same material. Fit the bottle with a glass stopperto which is attached a light metal chain. Lower the bottle tonear the bottom of the tank and pull out the stopper with asharp jerk of the chain. Raise it at such a rate that it is aboutthree fourths full when it emerges from the li
41、quid. Stopper thebottle before attempting to rinse the material from the outside.Label the sample bottle according to OSHA Regulations.8.2.2 Label the sample container to indicate, as a minimum,the date and time, source of the sample, type of material,quantity, hazards, purpose of the sample and the
42、 name of thesamples.8.2.3 Emphasis should be placed on cleanliness and dry-ness. Both the sample bottle and its holder must be CLEANAND DRY. Transfer the sample to another bottle for storage.Asuitable bottle for storing the sample is one known as a “BostonRound.” The closure should be a screw cap wi
43、th poly-seal or analuminum foil liner.8.2.4 If new bottles are used, first rinse them thoroughlywith acetone or methanol and then dry in an explosive-proofhot-air oven. Hold in a desiccator while cooling to ambienttemperature. Protect them from dirt or moisture by enclosure ina polyethylene bag. Rin
44、se used bottles very thoroughly withwater, detergents, and solvents and then treat as new bottles.NOTE 3Brown bottles are recommended for sampling and storingphoto-sensitive products.8.3 Return Precautions:8.3.1 As soon as the tank car is completely unloaded, closeall valves tightly, remove the unlo
45、ading connections, and makeall other closures tight, except the heater coil and steamconnections. Observe DOT regulations concerning return plac-arding.9. Unloading and Sampling of Tank Trucks9.1 Unloading:9.1.1 Because of the flammable properties of these materi-als, the unloading of tank trucks co
46、ntaining them is a hazardousoperation. Follow the DOT regulations, shippers instructionsand all caution markings.9.1.2 Stop the engine before unloading a truck, and do notstart it again during the entire unloading operation unless it isnecessary to operate the pump by power take-off. Set truckbrakes
47、 and block the wheels.9.1.3 Before making any connection or contact between thetank truck and the unloading line or other unloading equip-ment, electrically bond the tank truck in a manner similar tothat for tank cars as described in 8.1.3.9.1.4 Tank trucks can be either top or bottom unloaded inthe
48、 same manner as for tank cars as described in 8.1.4.9.1.5 Air pressure is not permissible for unloading tanktrucks of these materials. Nitrogen pressure is permissible forthis purpose.9.2 Sampling:9.2.1 Sample a tank truck in the same way as tank cars, withthe same rigid adherence to the precautions
49、 against moistureand color degradation.9.2.2 Label sample containers as described in 8.2.2.10. Unloading and Sampling of Drums10.1 Unloading:10.1.1 When a carload or truckload of drums is received,open the truck doors or the doors on both sides of the car, as thecase may be, to allow thorough ventilation of the vehiclebefore entering it. Examine each shipment for leaking drums.Remove all potential sources of ignition from the area.10.1.2 Before drums are opened, they should be properlysupported. Products should not be dispensed from drums intometal contain
