1、Designation: D3514/D3514M 16Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3514/D3514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pro-pensity of a fabric to form pi
3、lls and other related surfacechanges on textiles using the Stoll Quartermaster UniversalWear Tester with the frosting attachment. The procedure isgenerally applicable to all types of woven and knitted fabrics.NOTE 1For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistanceof textiles, refer to
4、 Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, andD4970/D4970M.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalu
5、es from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned beforetesting.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated wit
6、h itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD3511/D3511M Test Method for Pil
7、ling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: BrushPilling TesterD3512/D3512M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Ran-dom Tumble Pilling TesterD4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD
8、4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4970/D4970M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Mar-tindale Tester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD3512 Set of Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test3ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photogr
9、aphic Standards forElastomeric Pad Pilling Test43. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.3.2.1 The following t
10、erms are relevant to this standard: fuzz,pilling resistance, pills.3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance thatoccur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testingmachine. Fabric sa
11、mples are washed or drycleaned, dependingon expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbingagainst an elastomeric pad having specifically selected me-chanical properties. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated bycomparison of the tested specimens with visual standards thatmay be actual fab
12、rics, or photographs of fabrics, showing arange of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling isreported using an arbitrary rating scale.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Meth
13、ods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3514 10(2014). DOI:10.1520/D3514_D3514M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servicea
14、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512. Original adjunct produced in 1993.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct N
15、o.ADJD3514.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance tes
16、ting, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing.5
17、.1.1 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the supplier when usingTest Method D3514 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias,if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and thelaboratory of the supplier should be determined based ontesting
18、 specimens randomly drawn from one sample of mate-rial of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assis-tance is recommended for the investigation of bias.Aminimumof two parties should take a group of test specimens which areas homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot ofmaterial of t
19、he type in question. The test specimens should thenbe randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average test results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol andprobability level chosen by the two parties before the testingbegin
20、s. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing datamust be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futuretest results with consideration for the known bias.5.2 T
21、he pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabricconstruction, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resis-tance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more withgeneral
22、 conditions of use and individual wearers than inreplicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratorytests. This experience should be borne in mind when adoptinglevels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a largeeffect on pilling. It
23、 is recommended that fabrics be tested afterlaundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishingmay also be advisable. Prior agreement between interestedparties should determine the state of test.5.4 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degre
24、e of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dep
25、endent on both the character-istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on g
26、raduated degrees of surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Countin
27、g the pills and weighting their number with respect totheir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.5 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens wit
28、h visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.6 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and k
29、nitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish. The applicability of the test method to non-wovenfabrics has not been determined.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester, with frost-ing attachment.
30、6.2 Elastomeric Friction Pad, mounted on the bottom sideof the tester pressure plate. This is a pad made especially forthis test. It is attached to the pressure plate by means of sideclamps, and secured at the front by a strip of tape.6.2.1 Elastomeric Base Pad, attached to the specimenholder of the
31、 frosting attachment. This pad is made especiallyfor this test.6.3 Twill Fabric, cotton or polyester/cotton blend 170 to 270g/m25.0 to 8.0 oz/yd2 with a moderately coarse weave.6.4 Emery Paper, 150-grit, for preparation of the base pad.6.5 Rubber Ring, 50 6 1mm26 0.1 in. inside diameterand 61 6 1 mm
32、 2.44 6 0.1 in. outside diameter, to secure thespecimen to the holder.6.6 Test Tube Brush, small, to remove loose fibers fromspecimens after testing.6.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate solventto clean the elastomeric pad (see 7.1).6.8 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.9 Fac
33、ilities for Drycleaning SamplesIf needed.6.10 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having anestablished pilling resistance rating for checking machineperformance. No universal standard fabric is available. Eachtest facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.11 Overhead Lighting for Test Speci
34、men EvaluationTwo2.4 m 8 ft Type F-96 cool-white preheat rapid-start fluores-cent lamps with white enamel reflectors, and without baffles orglass (see Fig. 1).6.12 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilities for illu-mination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous view-ing of test specimen and
35、 fabric or photograph rating standards.Apparatus and option for visual evaluation are listed in Table 1.6.13 Ratings Standards:D3514/D3514M 1626.13.1 FabricA series of tested specimens of a specificfabric type which shows degree of pilling or other distortion, orboth, for each type of fabric to be t
36、ested. Store the fabric ratingstandards and handle them under conditions that will preservetheir original form and appearance. Mounting with thickcardboard framing around the specimens is recommended.6.13.2 PhotographicThree sets of five photographic stan-dards 80 mm 3.13 in. corresponding to the si
37、ze of pillsproduced (that is, small, medium, and large) and numbered 1 to5 illustrating varying degrees of pilling from “very severepilling” to “no pilling” such as ADJD3514 (ADJD3512 mayalso be used).6.13.3 Digital imaging or rating system, or both.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this te
38、st method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation on use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicab
39、le.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between pur-chaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability amongrolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatch offabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or among cartons of garments andbetween garments within a
40、carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is1m1ydin length along the selvage (machine direction), after
41、firstremoving a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entire system.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationTABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 1)A0.78 rad (45)LightboxB0.78 rad (45)LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs
42、determined by the buyer and supplierAThe sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Standard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your c
43、omments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D3514/D3514M 1638.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1
44、 Unless otherwise specified, samples should be washedor dry cleaned before cutting the test specimens, using condi-tions appropriate for the fabric end use or conditions agreedupon by all interested parties.9.2 Cut test specimens squares, 125 125 6 2.5 mm 5 56 0.1 in. with the sides parallel to the
45、warp (wale) and filling(course) directions, or circles, 100 6 2mm46 0.1 in. indiameter.9.2.1 Take three specimens from each laboratory unit. Takethe specimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample, or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such a m
46、anner that no two specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdistortions. Unless otherwise specified, do not take specimensnearer the selvage than one tenth the width of the fabric.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Level the specimen holder base pad properly to posi-tion the
47、fabric specimen flat against the friction pad during thetest. Do this by rubbing the base pad against a piece of 150-gritemery paper mounted snugly on the bottom side of the pressureplate.10.1.1 Once the base pad is properly prepared, it will last foran indefinite time. Do not remove the base pad th
48、ereafter fromthe specimen holder because this will disturb the alignment.Retain an additional specimen holder for use with other tests onthe Stoll tester.10.2 Preparation of Friction PadsBefore a new frictionpad is used for testing, prepare it by attaching it to the pressureplate and rubbing it unde
49、r a5N1lbf force against a mountedpolyester/cotton twill fabric (see 6.3). Continue this until thesurface shine in the rubbing area is completely and uniformlyremoved.10.2.1 Use the pad in the same position thereafter to alwayspresent a uniformly smooth surface to subsequently testedspecimens.Accomplish this by applying appropriate alignmentmarks to the pad and pressure plate. Always use the frictionpad with the same base pad with which it was prepared.10.3 Monitoring Repeatability of Instrument PerformancePeriodically run a standard in-hou
