1、Designation: D3552 96 (Reapproved 2007) D3552 12Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Metal MatrixComposites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3552; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test metho
3、d covers the determination of the tensile properties of metal matrix composites reinforced by continuous anddiscontinuous high-modulus fibers. Nontraditional metal matrix composites as stated in 1.1.6 also are covered in this test method.This test method applies to specimens loaded in a uniaxial man
4、ner tested in laboratory air at either room temperature or elevatedtemperatures. The types of metal matrix composites covered are:1.1.1 UnidirectionalAny fiber-reinforced composite with all fibers aligned in a single direction. Continuous or discontinuousreinforcing fibers, longitudinal and transver
5、se properties.1.1.2 0/90 Balanced CrossplyA laminate composed of only 0 and 90 plies. This is not necessarily symmetric, continuous,or discontinuous reinforcing fibers.1.1.3 Angleply LaminateAny balanced laminate consisting of 6 theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect to areference di
6、rection. Continuous reinforcing fibers without 0 reinforcing fibers (that is, (645)ns, (630)ns, and so forth).1.1.4 Quasi-Isotropic LaminateA balanced and symmetric laminate for which a constitutive property of interest, at a givenpoint, displays isotropic behavior in the plane of the laminate. Cont
7、inuous reinforcing fibers with 0 reinforcing fibers (that is,(0/645/90)s, (0/630)s, and so forth).1.1.5 Unoriented and Random Discontinuous Fibers.1.1.6 Directionally Solidified Eutectic Composites.1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1996 without significant objection fr
8、om its stakeholders. As thereis limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required toretain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards. The standard therefore should not be considered to include anysignificant changes
9、in approach and practice since 1996. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specificrequests and performed only as technical support allows.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for informationpurpos
10、es only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Refere
11、nced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer SystemsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precis
12、ion and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina andLaminate Test Methods.Current edition approved May 1, 200
13、7Dec. 1, 2012. Published June 2007December 2012. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 asD3552 96 (2002).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D3552-96R07.10.1520/D3552-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serv
14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version.
15、Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial ForceApplication3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D3878 defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers
17、and their composites. Terminology E6defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the eventof a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence over the other standards.D3552 1223.2 Definitions of Terms Specif
18、ic to This Standard:3.2.1 continuous fiber, na polycrystalline or amorphous fiber that is continuous within the sample or component or that hasends outside of the stress fields under consideration.3.2.2 discontinuous fiber, na polycrystalline or amorphous fiber that is discontinuous within the sampl
19、e or component or thathas its ends inside the stress fields under consideration.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A tension specimen is mounted in the grips of a mechanical testing machine and monotonically loaded, in tension, at aconstant loading rate until specimen failure occurs. The ultimate strength
20、 of the material can be determined from the maximumloadforce carried before failure. If the coupon strain is monitored with strain or displacement transducers, then the stress-strainresponse of the material can be determined, from which the ultimate tensile strain, proportional limit, and tensile mo
21、dulus ofelasticity can be derived.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, qualityassurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should be reported i
22、nclude thefollowing: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimenconditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, and volume percentreinforcement. Properties, in the test
23、direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,5.1.3 Tensile modulus of elasticity, and5.1.4 Poissons ratio.6. Interferences6.1 Tension test data are used as the principal criteria for the engineering design
24、in actual structural applications. Therefore, itis important to define test conditions that will produce realistic tensile properties, including statistical variation. Such data willallow the design engineer to determine the most appropriate and meaningful margin of safety. The following test method
25、 issueswill cause significant data scatter:6.1.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor material fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and damageinduced by improper coupon machining are known causes of high material data scatter in composites.6.1.2 GrippingA high percentage of gr
26、ip-induced failures, especially when combined with high material data scatter, is anindicator of specimen gripping problems.6.1.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending will cause premature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of elasticitydetermination. Every effort should be made to eliminate
27、excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur as a result ofmisaligned grips or from specimens themselves if improperly installed in the grips or out of tolerance as a result of poor specimenpreparation. If there is any doubt as to the alignment inherent in a given test machine, then the al
28、ignment should be checked.7. Apparatus7.1 Micrometers, suitable for reading to within 1 % of the sample width and thickness. For typical specimen geometries, aninstrument with an accuracy of 62.5 m (60.0001 in.) is adequate for thickness measurement, while an instrument with anaccuracy of 625 m (60.
29、001 in.) is adequate for width measurement.7.2 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:7.2.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essentially stationary member carrying one grip.7.2.2 Movable MemberA movable member carrying a second grip.7.2.3 Loading MechanismA loading mechanism for imparting to the movable
30、member a controlled velocity with respect tothe stationary member, this velocity to be regulated as specified in Section 1011.7.2.4 LoadForce IndicatorA suitable load-indicatingforce-indicating mechanism capable of showing the total loadforcecarried by the test specimen. This mechanism shall be esse
31、ntially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicatethe loadforce with an accuracy of 61 % of the indicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified inaccordance with Practice E4. Further, the calibrated loadforce range used for a particular
32、test shall be chosen to ensure theanticipated maximum loadsforces are between 20 to 80 % of the calibrated loadforce range. This is to ensure a linear calibratedloadforce response and protect the loadforce indicator from overload conditions.7.2.5 Grips:7.2.5.1 GeneralGrip designs shall be suited to
33、the specimens being tested. The grip designs described in Test Methods E8shall be applicable but should be sized according to the specimen dimensions.7.2.5.2 Grips for Round SpecimenThe grips for round specimens shall be standard threaded grips or split-shoulder grips withshoulder surfaces designed
34、to mate with corresponding specimens described in Section 8. The grips shall be self-aligning.D3552 1237.2.5.3 Grips for Flat SpecimensThe grips shall be wedge-type grips or lateral pressure grips with serrated or knurled surfacesfor contact with the specimen. The grips shall be self-aligning; that
35、is, they shall be attached to their respective fixed and movablemembers in such a manner that when any loadforce is applied, the grips will place the axis of a correctly mounted specimen incoincidence with the applied loadforce direction such that no significant moment is placed on the specimen test
36、 section, either inthe thickness or width direction. The lateral pressure that is imposed by the wedge-type grips or applied by the lateral pressure gripsshall be sufficient to prevent slippage between the grip face and the specimen tab surface without causing excessive lateralcompressive damage to
37、the specimen. If the serrations are too coarse, emery cloth or similar materials may be used to distributethe gripping force more uniformly over a larger area of the specimen tab. The serrations shall be maintained clean and care shallbe taken to maintain specimen alignment during installation.7.2.5
38、.4 Grip AlignmentTo ensure a uniform axial tensile stress state within the specimen test section, the following gripalignment criteria shall be maintained. Test systems shall be aligned according to Test Methods E1012. The alignment specimenshall be aligned such that the maximum percent bending thro
39、ughout the test section, determined at an applied average strain of500 , shall not exceed 10 %, and the maximum measured strain from any of the strain gages on the alignment specimen, as aresult of gripping stresses at zero applied load,force, shall not exceed 50 .7.2.6 StrainStrain should be determ
40、ined by means of either strain gages or an extensometer.7.2.6.1 Strain GagesThe strain gage should be not less than 3 mm in length for the longitudinal direction and not less than1.5 mm in length for the transverse direction. The gages, surface preparation, and bonding agents should be chosen to pro
41、vide foradequate performance on the subject materials and suitable strain-recording equipment shall be used.7.2.6.2 ExtensometersExtensometers used for composite specimen shall satisfy Practice E83, Class B-1 requirements can beused in place of strain gages for 25-mm (1-in.) gage length specimens or
42、 exclusively for high-temperature tests beyond the rangeof strain gage applications. Extensometers shall be calibrated periodically in accordance with Method E83.8. Test Specimens8.1 General:8.1.1 Test Specimen SizeWithin the limitations of material availability and economy, the specimens shall be s
43、ized largeenough to be statistically representative of the material to provide meaningful data and, where possible, large enough to affix straingages or extensometers. Gage lengths incorporating deformation-measuring devices shall be at least 13 mm (12 in.) in length.NOTE 1Nonstandard subscaled spec
44、imen geometries are supplied for applications in which material size limitations preclude a 13-mm (12-in.) gagelength. These geometries are useful in material development studies but are not considered as a standard. Test data from these nonstandard specimensshall be evaluated and reported separatel
45、y in light of their size limitation.8.1.2 Specimen PreparationMechanical property determinations of metal matrix composite specimens are particularlysensitive to the effects of improper specimen preparation methods. Great care should be exercised, especially in machining ortrimming. Diamond grinding
46、, water jet cutting, or electrical discharge machining (EDM) shall be used. Obtain final dimensionsby water-lubricated precision diamond grinding. The depth of diamond grinding required should be determined through carefulexamination of the as-machined surfaces. Edges should be flat and parallel wit
47、hin the specified tolerances. Grinding must beconducted with adequate precautions to minimize damaging vibrations. In the EDM method, the sample must be suitably mountedfor good electrical contact to prevent extraneous arcing and specimen damage. Surface finishing may be accomplished chemicallyby sl
48、ight matrix etching or manually by light sanding or filing.8.1.3 Specimen Cross SectionThe cross section of the specimen shall be uniform over the gage length. A slight, gradual tapercan be tolerated, provided that the minimum section is at the mid length of the gage length and symmetrical with resp
49、ect to itscenterline. In round specimens, the taper shall be limited to a 0.5 % difference in the diameter between the mid length and the endsof the gage length. In flat specimens, the taper shall not exceed 1 % in the width of the test section. The thickness shall not betapered. To be statistically representative of the material, a minimum of 200 continuous filaments, chopped fibers, or both, issuggested in composites that are oriented in the direction of the load.force.8.2 Flat SpecimensThe standard dimensions of flat specimens are shown
