1、Designation: D3552 12D3552 17Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Metal MatrixComposites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3552; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the d
3、etermination of the tensile properties of metal matrix composites reinforced by continuous anddiscontinuous high-modulus fibers. Nontraditional metal matrix composites as stated in 1.1.6 also are covered in this test method.This test method applies to specimens loaded in a uniaxial manner tested in
4、laboratory air at either room temperature or elevatedtemperatures. The types of metal matrix composites covered are:1.1.1 UnidirectionalAny fiber-reinforced composite with all fibers aligned in a single direction. Continuous or discontinuousreinforcing fibers, longitudinal and transverse properties.
5、1.1.2 0/90 Balanced CrossplyA laminate composed of only 0 and 90 plies. This is not necessarily symmetric, continuous,or discontinuous reinforcing fibers.1.1.3 Angleply LaminateAny balanced laminate consisting of 6 theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect to areference direction. Conti
6、nuous reinforcing fibers without 0 reinforcing fibers (that is, (645)ns, (630)ns, and so forth).1.1.4 Quasi-Isotropic LaminateA balanced and symmetric laminate for which a constitutive property of interest, at a givenpoint, displays isotropic behavior in the plane of the laminate. Continuous reinfor
7、cing fibers with 0 reinforcing fibers (that is,(0/645/90)s, (0/630)s, and so forth).1.1.5 Unoriented and Random Discontinuous Fibers.1.1.6 Directionally Solidified Eutectic Composites.1.2 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 1996 without significant objection from its stakeho
8、lders.As thereis limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required toretain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards. The standard therefore should not be considered to include anysignificant changes in approach and
9、 practice since 1996. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specificrequests and performed only as technical support allows.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for informationpurposes only.1.4 Thi
10、s standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to
11、 use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers
12、to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite
13、 Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina andLaminate Test Methods.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012Oct. 15, 2017. Published December 2012October 2017. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20072012as D3552 96 (2007).D3552 12. DOI: 10.1
14、520/D3552-12.10.1520/D3552-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM st
15、andard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all ca
16、ses only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer SystemsE177 Pr
17、actice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial ForceApplication3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D3878 defines ter
18、ms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology E6defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the eventof a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence over the other standards.D3552
19、 1723.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 continuous fiber, na polycrystalline or amorphous fiber that is continuous within the sample or component or that hasends outside of the stress fields under consideration.3.2.2 discontinuous fiber, na polycrystalline or amorphous fiber tha
20、t is discontinuous within the sample or component or thathas its ends inside the stress fields under consideration.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A tension specimen is mounted in the grips of a mechanical testing machine and monotonically loaded, in tension, at aconstant loading rate until specimen fa
21、ilure occurs. The ultimate strength of the material can be determined from the maximumforce carried before failure. If the coupon strain is monitored with strain or displacement transducers, then the stress-strain responseof the material can be determined, from which the ultimate tensile strain, pro
22、portional limit, and tensile modulus of elasticity canbe derived.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, qualityassurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile re
23、sponse and should be reported include thefollowing: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimenconditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, and volume percentreinforc
24、ement. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,5.1.3 Tensile modulus of elasticity, and5.1.4 Poissons ratio.6. Interferences6.1 Tension test data are used as the principal crite
25、ria for the engineering design in actual structural applications. Therefore, itis important to define test conditions that will produce realistic tensile properties, including statistical variation. Such data willallow the design engineer to determine the most appropriate and meaningful margin of sa
26、fety. The following test method issueswill cause significant data scatter:6.1.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor material fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and damageinduced by improper coupon machining are known causes of high material data scatter in composites.6.1.2
27、GrippingA high percentage of grip-induced failures, especially when combined with high material data scatter, is anindicator of specimen gripping problems.6.1.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending will cause premature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of elasticitydetermination. Every effo
28、rt should be made to eliminate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur as a result ofmisaligned grips or from specimens themselves if improperly installed in the grips or out of tolerance as a result of poor specimenpreparation. If there is any doubt as to the alignment inherent in a
29、given test machine, then the alignment should be checked.7. Apparatus7.1 Micrometers, Micrometers and CalipersAmicrometer with a 4 to 7 mm 0.16 to 0.28 in. nominal diameter ball-interfaceor a flat anvil interface shall be used to measure the specimen thickness. A ball interface is recommended for th
30、icknessmeasurements when at least one surface is irregular (e.g. a course surface which is neither smooth nor flat).Amicrometer or caliperwith a flat anvil interface shall be used for measuring length, width, diameter, and other machined surface dimensions. The useof alternative measurement devices
31、is permitted if specified (or agreed to) by the test requestor and reported by the testinglaboratory. The accuracy of the instrument(s) shall be suitable for reading to within 1 % of the sample width and thickness.specimen dimensions. For typical specimen geometries, an instrument with an accuracy o
32、f 62.5 m60.0025 mm (60.0001 in.)is adequate for thickness measurement, while an instrument with an accuracy of 625 m60.025 mm (60.001 in.) is adequate forwidth measurement.measurement of length, width, diameter, and other machined surface dimensions.7.2 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:7.
33、2.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essentially stationary member carrying one grip.7.2.2 Movable MemberA movable member carrying a second grip.7.2.3 Loading MechanismA loading mechanism for imparting to the movable member a controlled velocity with respect tothe stationary member, this velocity to be regula
34、ted as specified in Section 11.7.2.4 Force IndicatorA suitable force-indicating mechanism capable of showing the total force carried by the test specimen.This mechanism shall be essentially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the force with an accuracyof 61 % of t
35、he indicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in accordance with Practice E4.D3552 173Further, the calibrated force range used for a particular test shall be chosen to ensure the anticipated maximum forces are between20 to 80 % of the calibrated force range. Th
36、is is to ensure a linear calibrated force response and protect the force indicator fromoverload conditions.7.2.5 Grips:7.2.5.1 GeneralGrip designs shall be suited to the specimens being tested. The grip designs described in Test Methods E8shall be applicable but should be sized according to the spec
37、imen dimensions.7.2.5.2 Grips for Round SpecimenThe grips for round specimens shall be standard threaded grips or split-shoulder grips withshoulder surfaces designed to mate with corresponding specimens described in Section 8. The grips shall be self-aligning.7.2.5.3 Grips for Flat SpecimensThe grip
38、s shall be wedge-type grips or lateral pressure grips with serrated or knurled surfacesfor contact with the specimen. The grips shall be self-aligning; that is, they shall be attached to their respective fixed and movablemembers in such a manner that when any force is applied, the grips will place t
39、he axis of a correctly mounted specimen incoincidence with the applied force direction such that no significant moment is placed on the specimen test section, either in thethickness or width direction. The lateral pressure that is imposed by the wedge-type grips or applied by the lateral pressure gr
40、ipsshall be sufficient to prevent slippage between the grip face and the specimen tab surface without causing excessive lateralcompressive damage to the specimen. If the serrations are too coarse, emery cloth or similar materials may be used to distributethe gripping force more uniformly over a larg
41、er area of the specimen tab. The serrations shall be maintained clean and care shallbe taken to maintain specimen alignment during installation.7.2.5.4 Grip AlignmentTo ensure a uniform axial tensile stress state within the specimen test section, the following gripalignment criteria shall be maintai
42、ned. Test systems shall be aligned according to Test Methods E1012. The alignment specimenshall be aligned such that the maximum percent bending throughout the test section, determined at an applied average strain of500 , shall not exceed 10 %, and the maximum measured strain from any of the strain
43、gages on the alignment specimen, as aresult of gripping stresses at zero applied force, shall not exceed 50 .7.2.6 StrainStrain should be determined by means of either strain gages or an extensometer.7.2.6.1 Strain GagesThe strain gage should be not less than 3 mm in length for the longitudinal dire
44、ction and not less than1.5 mm in length for the transverse direction. The gages, surface preparation, and bonding agents should be chosen to provide foradequate performance on the subject materials and suitable strain-recording equipment shall be used.7.2.6.2 ExtensometersExtensometers used for comp
45、osite specimen shall satisfy Practice E83, Class B-1 requirements can beused in place of strain gages for 25-mm (1-in.) gage length specimens or exclusively for high-temperature tests beyond the rangeof strain gage applications. Extensometers shall be calibrated periodically in accordance with Metho
46、d E83.8. Test Specimens8.1 General:8.1.1 Test Specimen SizeWithin the limitations of material availability and economy, the specimens shall be sized largeenough to be statistically representative of the material to provide meaningful data and, where possible, large enough to affix straingages or ext
47、ensometers. Gage lengths incorporating deformation-measuring devices shall be at least 13 mm (12 in.) in length.NOTE 1Nonstandard subscaled specimen geometries are supplied for applications in which material size limitations preclude a 13-mm (12-in.) gagelength. These geometries are useful in materi
48、al development studies but are not considered as a standard. Test data from these nonstandard specimensshall be evaluated and reported separately in light of their size limitation.8.1.2 Specimen PreparationMechanical property determinations of metal matrix composite specimens are particularlysensiti
49、ve to the effects of improper specimen preparation methods. Great care should be exercised, especially in machining ortrimming. Diamond grinding, water jet cutting, or electrical discharge machining (EDM) shall be used. Obtain final dimensionsby water-lubricated precision diamond grinding. The depth of diamond grinding required should be determined through carefulexamination of the as-machined surfaces. Edges should be flat and parallel within the specified tolerances. Grinding must beconducted with adequate precautions to minimize damagi
