1、Designation: D3580 95 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Methods forVibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of reso-nances of unpackaged products and components of unpackagedprodu
3、cts by means of vertical linear motion at the surface onwhich the product is mounted for test. Two alternate testmethods are presented:Test Method AResonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, andTest Method BResonance Search Using Random Vibration.NOTE 1The two test methods are not necessarily equi
4、valent and maynot produce the same results. It is possible that tests using randomvibration may be more representative of the transport environment andmay be conducted more quickly than sine tests.1.2 This information may be used to examine the responseof products to vibration for product design pur
5、poses, or for thedesign of a container or interior package that will minimizetransportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies,when these products resonances are within the expectedtransportation environment frequency range. Since vibrationdamage is most likely to occur at product resona
6、nt frequencies,these resonances may be thought of as potential productfragility points.1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test meth-ods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of theresonating components and for product modification. This maybecome necessary if the response o
7、f a product would requiredesign of an impractical or excessively costly shipping con-tainer.1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate thevibration effects that the product will encounter in its opera-tional or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test proce-dures should be used for this
8、 purpose.1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent thecorrelation of the best information currently available fromresearch investigation and from experience in the use of thesetest methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available,they should be substituted.1.6 The values stated
9、 in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and h
10、ealth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 forspecific precautionary statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orP
11、ackaging Components for TestingD4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-ping ContainersE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process2.2 Military Standard:MIL-STD 810, Method 514 Vibration33. Terminolo
12、gy3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, see Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 decadethe interval of two frequencies having a basicfrequency ratio of 10 (1 decade = 3.322 octaves).3.2.2 decibel (dB)a logarithmic expression of the re
13、lativevalues of two quantities. For relative power measurements, thedB value equals 10 times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio ofthe two quantities, that is, dB = 10 log10P1/P2.3.2.3 mean-squarethe time average of the square of thefunction.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
14、ittee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.13 on InteriorPackaging.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D3580 95 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D3580-95R15.2For referenced ASTM standard
15、s, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Defense Printing Service Detachment Office, Bldg. 4D,NPM-DODSSP, 700 Robbi
16、ns Ave., Philadelphia, PA 191115094.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 octavethe interval of two frequencies having a basicfrequency ratio of 2 (1 octave = 0.301 decade).3.2.5 overall g rmsthe square root of the int
17、egral of powerspectral density over the total frequency range.3.2.6 power spectral density (PSD)a term used to quan-tify the intensity of random vibration in terms of mean-squareacceleration per unit of frequency. The units are g2/Hz (g2/cycles/s). Power spectral density is the limiting mean squarev
18、alue in a given rectangular bandwidth divided by thebandwidth, as the bandwidth approaches zero.3.2.7 random vibrationoscillatory motion which containsno periodic or quasiperiodic constituent.3.2.8 random vibration magnitudethe root-meansquareof the power spectral density value. The instantaneous ma
19、gni-tudes of random vibration are not prescribed for any giveninstant in time, but instead are prescribed by a probabilitydistribution function, the integral of which over a givenmagnitude range will give the probable percentage of time thatthe magnitude will fall within that range.3.2.9 resonancefo
20、r a system undergoing forced vibration,the frequency at which any change of the exciting frequency inthe vicinity of the exciting frequency, causes a decrease in theresponse of the system.3.2.10 root-mean-square (rms)the square root of themean-square value. In the exclusive case of a sine wave, ther
21、ms value is 0.707 times the peak.3.2.11 sinusoidal vibrationperiodic motion whose accel-eration versus time waveform has the general shape of a sinecurve, that is, y = sine x.3.2.12 sinusoidal vibration amplitudethe maximum valueof a sinusoidal quantity. By convention, acceleration is typi-cally spe
22、cified in terms of zero-to-peak amplitude, whiledisplacement is specified in terms of peak-to-peak amplitude.3.2.13 transmissibilitythe ratio of the measured accelera-tion amplitude at a point of interest in the product to themeasured input acceleration amplitude of the test surface of theapparatus.
23、3.2.14 vertical linear motionmotion occurring essentiallyalong a straight vertical line, with no significant horizontal oroff-axis components.4. Significance and Use4.1 Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in thetransportation environment. The determination of the resonantfrequencies of
24、the product may aid the packaging designer indetermining the proper packaging system to provide adequateprotection for the product, as well as providing an understand-ing of the complex interactions between the components of theproduct as they relate to expected transportation vibrationinputs.5. App
25、aratus5.1 Vibration Test MachineThe machine shall consist of aflat horizontal test surface of sufficient strength and rigiditysuch that the applied vibrations are essentially uniform over theentire test surface when loaded with the test specimen. The testsurface shall be driven to move only in verti
26、cal linear motionthroughout the desired range of amplitudes and frequencies.5.1.1 Sinusoidal ControlThe frequency and amplitude ofthe motion shall be variable, under control, to cover the rangespecified in 10.4.5.1.2 Random ControlThe frequency and amplitudes ofmotion shall be continuously variable,
27、 under control, toachieve the bandwidths, amplitudes, and overall g rms valuesspecified in 10.5.5.2 Specimen-Mounting DevicesDevices of sufficientstrength and rigidity are required to attach the product securelyto the test surface. The mounting devices shall not havesignificant resonances in the tes
28、t frequency range. They shallrigidly mount the product in a manner similar to the way inwhich it will be supported in its shipping container. Relativemotion between the test surface and the specimen mountinginterface shall not be permitted.5.3 Instrumentation:5.3.1 Sensors, signal conditioners, filt
29、ers, and a data acqui-sition apparatus are required to monitor or record, or both, theaccelerations and frequencies at the test surface of the appara-tus and at points of interest in the product. The instrumentationsystem shall have a response accurate to within 65 % over thetest range.5.3.1.1 For T
30、est Method A, the frequencies and accelerationamplitudes or transmissibilities may be taken either manuallyor by means of a recording instrument. A stroboscope or videosystem may be beneficial for visual examination of thespecimen under test.5.3.1.2 For Test Method B, the data acquisition apparatuss
31、hall be capable of recording or indicating the transmissibilitiesbetween points of interest in the product to the test surface,over the frequency bandwidth specified in 10.5.6. Hazards6.1 PrecautionThese test methods may produce severemechanical response in the product being tested. Therefore, theme
32、ans used to fasten the product to the test surface must be ofsufficient strength to keep it adequately secured. Operatingpersonnel shall remain alert to potential hazards and takenecessary precautions for their safety. Stop the test methodimmediately if a dangerous condition should develop.7. Sampli
33、ng7.1 Test specimens and number of samples shall be chosento permit an adequate determination of representative perfor-mance. Whenever sufficient products are available, five ormore replicate samples should be tested to improve thestatistical reliability of the data obtained (see Practice E122).8. T
34、est Specimens8.1 The product as intended for packaging shall constitutethe test specimen. Sensor(s) may be applied as appropriate tomeasure data points of interest with the minimum possiblealteration of the test specimen. In particular, sensors shall belightweight and have flexible cables to prevent
35、 changing eitherthe effective weight or stiffness of the components to whichthey are mounted, thereby changing the resonant frequencies ofD3580 95 (2015)2the components. Parts and surfaces of the specimen may bemarked for identification and reference. When necessary toobserve interior components of
36、the product during tests, holesmay be cut in noncritical areas or noncritical panels may beremoved.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition test specimens before test and maintain inaccordance with any requirements. In the absence of otherrequirements, conditioning in accordance with Practice D4332is recommende
37、d with a standard conditioning atmosphere of 236 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity.10. Procedure10.1 Perform the tests in the conditioned environment orimmediately upon removal from that environment.10.2 Attach the test specimen to the test surface, near thecenter of the apparatus in a
38、 manner that will prevent thespecimen from leaving or moving across the test surface duringvibration. Caution is necessary to avoid excessive pressure ormounting methods that could influence the characteristics ofthe product.10.3 Test intensities shall be sufficient to vibrate the productat accelera
39、tion and frequency levels that determine if productresonances exist in the expected transportation environment.Experience has shown that most individual transportationenvironments contain frequencies ranging from 3 to 100 Hz.Acceleration levels sufficient to excite resonance normallyrange from 0.25
40、to 0.5 g.10.4 Sinusoidal VibrationTest Method A:10.4.1 Sweep the frequency range from 3 to 100 Hz andreturn using automatic or manual sweep, while maintaining anearly constant acceleration level.10.4.2 Select an acceleration level between 0.25 and 0.5 g(zero to peak). Starting at 3 Hz, vary the freq
41、uency of vibrationat a continuous logarithmic rate of 0.5 to 1 octave/min to 100Hz and back to 3 Hz. Record any resonant responses of theproduct, repeat the cycle if necessary.NOTE 2For some specific product/environmental combinations,higher frequencies may be required to produce product resonances.
42、 For anexample, see MIL-STD 810.10.5 Random VibrationTest Method B:10.5.1 Start the vibration system such that the PSD levels donot overshoot the desired spectrum during startup. It is recom-mended that tests be initiated at least 6 dB below full level andincremented in one or more subsequent steps
43、to full test level.Operate at full test level for a time duration long enough for thecontrol system to stabilize and for the data to be averagedsufficiently to represent stable spectrum shapes and levels,usually 3 min or more. This time is dependent upon thecharacteristics of the vibration test mach
44、ine and controlsystem, the setup, and the weight and characteristics of the testspecimen.10.5.2 Use one of the spectra from Test Method D4728,aspectrum representative of the expected transportationenvironment, a flat broadband spectrum, or a spectrum knownto be appropriate. It is recommended that th
45、e minimumfrequency range be from 3 to 100 Hz, the overall amplitude ofthe spectrum be not less than 0.25 g rms, and that the maximumvariation in power spectral density over the total frequencyrange be 30 db or less. Record any resonant responses of theproduct.NOTE 3Spectrum shapes and levels may be
46、important, due to productresponses which are nonlinear with variations in amplitude. For somespecific product/environmental combinations, higher frequencies orhigher-amplitude spectra may be required to produce observable productresonances. For an example, see MIL-STD 810.10.6 Monitor the amplitude
47、and frequency data sensed onthe test surface to ensure that the desired test conditions areproduced. Mount the accelerometer to either the top or bottomof the test surface, as close to the test item as possible, or in alocation which produces data representative of table motion.10.7 Monitor the test
48、 specimen and its components for anyresonant vibrations. Use a stroboscope; sensors and readouts;and visual, auditory, or other means as applicable to determinethese resonances. Any resonances with transmissibilities of 2or greater may be considered significant. For sine testing, thefrequency sweep
49、may be interrupted or reversed if necessaryfor short time periods to identify properly a resonating com-ponent.10.8 Record the frequencies of any resonances and identifythe product components that are resonating. For sine testing, ifdifferent frequencies are recorded for each resonating compo-nent on the upsweep as compared to the downsweep (a typicalsituation), record both frequencies and the correspondingsweep direction.10.9 Test the product in each of the potential shippingorientations of concern.10.10 Optional Sinusoidal Dwell Test Perform a sin
