1、Designation: D3699 13aStandard Specification forKerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the ye
2、ar of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers two grades of kerosine suitablefor use in critical kerosine burne
3、r applications:1.1.1 No. 1-KA special low-sulfur grade kerosine suitablefor use in nonflue-connected kerosine burner appliances andfor use in wick-fed illuminating lamps.1.1.2 No. 2-KA regular grade kerosine suitable for use influe-connected burner appliances and for use in wick-fedilluminating lamp
4、s.1.2 This specification is intended for use in purchasing, as areference for industry and governmental standardization, andas a source of technical information.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agree-ment between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes therequired properties o
5、f kerosine at the time and place of custodytransfer.NOTE 1The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of kerosines. For more information on thesubject, see Guide D4865.1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local r
6、egulations which can be morerestrictive.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of P
7、etroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products(Saybolt Chromometer Method)D187 Test Method for Burning Quality of KerosineD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosi
8、ty of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2
9、887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur inGasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4294 Test M
10、ethod for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D
11、5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5901 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automated Optical Method) (Withdrawn 2010)3D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of
12、Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-rayFluorescence Spectrometry1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
13、mmittee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D369
14、9 13. DOI:10.1520/D3699-13A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of thi
15、s historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Energy Institute Standard:4IP 10 Burning Test24 Hour, Standard Met
16、hods for Analy-sis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products, Vol 12.3 Other Documents:526 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye, Color, andConcentration3. General Requirements3.1 Kerosine shall be a refined petroleum distillate consist-ing of a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons essentially
17、freeof water, inorganic acidic or basic compounds, and excessiveamounts of particulate contaminants. Additive usage can beestablished by mutual agreement of the supplier and thepurchaser.4. Detailed Requirements4.1 The kerosine shall conform to the detailed requirementsprescribed in Table 1.4.2 The
18、kerosine shall conform to the following require-ments when tested for burning quality as specified:4.2.1 Time of BurningA minimum of 16 h continuousburning after the first weighing shall be required.4.2.2 Rate of BurningAfter the first weighing, the rate ofburning shall be 18 to 26 g/h with Test Met
19、hod IP 10.4.2.3 Appearance of Chimney at End of TestsThe chimneyshall have no more than a light, white deposit.4.2.4 Flame Characteristics at End of TestAt the end oftest, the width of the flame shall not vary by more than 6 mm,and the height of the flame shall not have lowered by more than5 mm from
20、 the respective measurements recorded at the start ofthe test.NOTE 2The significance of ASTM specifications for kerosine isdiscussed in Appendix X1.5. Test Methods5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-ods except as noted.5
21、.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D56, except where othermethods are prescribed by law. Test Method D3828 may beused as an alternate with the same limits. In case of a dispute,Test Method D56 shall be used as the referee method.5.1.2 DistillationDistillation shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Me
22、thods D86 or D2887. Results from TestMethod D2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results byapplication of the correlation in Appendix X5 of Test MethodD2887 to convert the values. In case of dispute, Test MethodD86 shall be used as the referee test method.65.1.3 ViscosityTest Method D445.5.1.4
23、 SulfurTest Method D2622. Test Methods D1266,D4294,orD5453 may also be used.Alternatively, Test MethodD7220 may be used if the sulfur result is less than 942 mg/kgor 0.094 mass %. In case of a dispute, Test Method D2622 isthe referee sulfur test method for this specification.5.1.5 Mercaptan SulfurTe
24、st Method D3227.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K.5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research
25、Report RR:D02-1553.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for KerosinePropertyASTMTest MethodLimitAFlash Point C, min D56 38Distillation temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 205Final boiling point, max 300Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.0max 1.9Sulfur, % mass D2622No. 1-K, max 0.04No. 2-K
26、, max 0.30Mercaptan sulfur, % mass, maxBD3227 0.003Copper strip corrosion rating max,3 h at 100CD130 No. 3Freezing point, C, max D2386 30Burn QualityTime of Burning D187 Minimum 16 h continuous after first weighingRate of Burning IP 10 18 to 26 g/h after first weighingChimney Appearance D187 Maximum
27、 light white deposit (at end of test)Flame Characteristics(comparison of properties from beginningand end of test)D187 Maximum variance of flame width6mmMaximum variance of flame height lowered5mmSaybolt color, min D156 +16CATo meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting
28、requirements, except sulfur, can be agreed upon among purchaser, seller and manufacturer.BThe Mercaptan sulfur determination can be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by Test Method D4952.CAppendixes X1.1 and X1.12 contain additional information on color, red dye, and potential application probl
29、ems.D3699 13a25.1.6 Copper Strip CorrosionTest Method D130, 3 h testat 100C.5.1.7 Freezing PointTest Method D2386. Automatic TestMethods D5901 and D5972 can be used as alternates with thesame limits. In case of a dispute, Test Method D2386 shall beused as referee.5.1.8 Burning QualityTest Method D18
30、7.5.1.9 Saybolt ColorTest Method D156.6. Keywords6.1 fuel oil; kerosine; petroleum and petroleum productsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR KEROSINEX1.1 ColorAn indication of the overall purity of theproduct, and is a useful parameter in ensuring the fr
31、eedomfrom trace contamination with heavier products which mayrender the kerosine to be unsuitable for designated criticalapplications. Kerosine that is subjected to long term storage,excessive heat, or both, particularly in summer storage inabove ground tanks, can become unsuitable for use due todeg
32、radation and associated loss of Saybolt Color quality. Somecontaminants can adversely affect the performance of kerosine,particularly in wick-fed, unvented applications like 1-K spaceheaters. Detection of these contaminants may require addi-tional testing, such as sulfur content or distillation. Unl
33、essgross contamination is present, these tests may not readilyidentify the presence of contamination.X1.1.1 Red DyeKerosine sold exempt from federal motorfuel excise tax sold from terminals may contain the dye SolventRed 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per1000 barrels of the s
34、olid dye standard Solvent Red 26, whererequired in the United States of America (for example, by 26CFR Part 48). If clear, undyed fuel is desired for tax-exemptapplications, the Internal Revenue Service has provided otheroptions, such as blocked pumps, for consideration. The addi-tion of red dye mak
35、es it more difficult to detect contaminationby visual inspection. Kerosine subjected to dying must meetthe minimum Saybolt Color of +16 prior to the introduction ofred dye.X1.2 Mercaptan SulfurMercaptans are limited to pre-clude undesirable side-reactions and to minimize the unpleas-ant odor.X1.3 Do
36、ctor TestThe doctor test is an indirect indicationof Mercaptan levels.X1.4 SulfurLimited sulfur content of kerosine may berequired for special uses or to meet legal requirements forsulfur dioxide emissions.X1.5 Distillation An indication of the volatility of a fuel.The maximum 10 % and final boiling
37、 point limits specifiedestablish a suitable boiling range to readily vaporize thekerosine in normal applications.X1.6 Flash PointThe flash point of kerosine is usedprimarily as an index of fire hazards. The minimum permis-sible flash point is usually regulated by federal, state, ormunicipal laws and
38、 is based on accepted practice in handlingand use.X1.7 Freezing PointThe temperature at which crystals ofhydrocarbons formed on cooling disappear when the tempera-ture of the fuel is allowed to rise. The waxy crystals may clogthe wick in wick-fed systems and can block filter passages infuel handling
39、 systems.X1.8 Viscosity The measure of internal resistance to flow,and an indication of flowability and lubricity.X1.9 Burning QualityAn indication of the kerosine per-formance in critical applications. The inherent burning qualitypotential of the bulk fuel, as determined by conventionalparameters s
40、uch as smoke point, luminometer number, orhydrogen content, cannot always be fully realized due to theadverse overriding effect of trace quantities of certain sulfur,oxygen, or nitrogen compounds that can be present in somekerosines. Thus, the burning quality of kerosine must beevaluated by designat
41、ion of a suitable bench-type burning test.X1.9.1 Burning tests are essentially performance tests andare a direct method for determining the quality of the kerosinesfor the specific purpose for which they are intended. However,it is not possible to make tests in all kinds of commercialequipment, or u
42、nder all the combinations of such factors aslocation, time, temperature, humidity, air currents, and clean-liness. These difficulties are partially overcome by selectingequipment for the burning test that is known to be severe (TestMethod D187), and by extending the test beyond the typicaltime inter
43、val between cleanings of the lamp in its usual service.X1.9.2 The most important features in Test Method D187are the shape and size of the flame. Changes in flame size orshape are generally caused by changes in the portion of thewick adjacent to the flame. Some wick crusts are bushy andincrease flam
44、e size; others tend to enclose the surface of thewick and cause flame shrinkage. The worst type of deposit is anirregular one, sometimes localized as mushroom formations,that produces a distorted flame and usually causes smoking,which is quite objectionable to the user.X1.9.3 The condition of the ch
45、imney at the end of theburning test is also important. Illuminating kerosine should notcause objectionable smoke deposit on the chimney. An appre-ciable black sooty deposit is obviously objectionable, but theD3699 13a3operator must always assure himself that it is not caused bydrafts or improper tes
46、ting techniques. A heavy whitish depositnearly always forms when a new chimney is put into service.X1.10 Corrosion An indication of the tendency to cor-rode copper and copper-alloy components that may be presentin the kerosine handling and burner systems.X1.11 Microbial ContaminationRefer to Guide D
47、6469for a discussion of this form of contamination.X1.12 Potential Application ConcernsX1.12.1 Red DyeIt is recommended that 1-K kerosineused in unvented, wick-fed applications like space heaters beclear and undyed. Red dye can mask the presence of contami-nants like diesel. Some of these contaminan
48、ts may adverselyaffect the performance of unvented, wick-fed space heaters.Elevated sulfur content, higher aromatics, and olefin content,associated with diesel contamination, are known to increaseperformance problems with wick-fed, unvented applicationsand can be detrimental to health. Additionally,
49、 insufficienthealth testing on red-dyed 1-K for use in unvented, wick-fedapplications, like 1-K space heaters, has also resulted in arecommendation for the exclusion of red-dyed 1-K usage atthis time. Once additional testing is conducted, a review will bemade and reconsideration given to red-dyed 1-K.X1.12.2 Other Additives and Potential BlendingComponentsThrough field experiences and laboratory data, ithas been demonstrated that certain additives or non-kerosineblending components, or both, can negatively impact burnquality performance in
