1、Designation: D3796 09 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forCalibration of Type S Pitot Tubes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3796; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the determination of Type S pitottube coefficients in the gas velocity range from 305 to 1524m/min or 5.08 to 25.4
3、m/s (1000 to 5000 ft/min). The methodapplies both to the calibration of isolated Type S pitot tubes(see 5.1), and pitobe assemblies.1.2 This practice outlines procedures for obtaining Type Spitot tube coefficients by calibration at a single-velocity settingnear the midpoint of the normal working ran
4、ge. Type S pitotcoefficients obtained by this method will generally be valid towithin 63 % over the normal working range. If a more precisecorrelation between Type S pitot tube coefficient and velocityis desired, multivelocity calibration technique (Annex A1)should be used. The calibration coefficie
5、nts determined for theType S pitot tube by this practice do not apply in field use whenthe flow is nonaxial to the face of the tube.1.3 This practice may be used for the calibration of thermalanemometers for gas velocities in excess of 3 m/s (10 ft/s).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be rega
6、rded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
7、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheres3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of te
8、rms used in this test method, refer toTerminology D1356.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 isolated Type S pitot tubeany Type S pitot tube thatis calibrated or used alone (Fig. 1).3.2.2 normal working velocity rangethe range of gasvelocities ordinarily encountered in industrial smokestacks andducts: approximatel
9、y 305 to 1524 m/min or 5.08 to 25.4 m/s(1000 to 5000 ft/min).3.2.3 pitobe assemblyany Type S pitot tube that is cali-brated or used while attached to a conventional isokineticsource-sampling probe (designed in accordance with Martin(1)3or allowable modifications thereof; see also Fig. 7).4. Summary
10、of Practice4.1 The coefficients of a given Type S pitot tube aredetermined from alternate differential pressure measurements,made first with a standard pitot tube, and then with the Type Spitot tube, at a predetermined point in a confined, flowing gasstream. The Type S pitot coefficient is equal to
11、the product ofthe standard pitot tube coefficient, Cp(std), and the square rootof the ratio of the differential pressures indicated by thestandard and Type S pitot tubes.5. Significance and Use5.1 The Type S pitot tube (Fig. 1) is often used to measurethe velocity of flowing gas streams in industria
12、l smokestacksand ducts. Before a Type S pitot tube is used for this purpose,its coefficients must be determined by calibration against astandard pitot tube (2).6. Apparatus6.1 Flow SystemCalibration shall be done in a flowsystem designed in accordance with the criteria illustrated inFig. 2 and descr
13、ibed in 6.1.1 through 6.1.5.6.1.1 The flowing gas stream shall be confined within adefinite cross-sectional area; the cross section shall be prefer-ably circular or rectangular (3). For circular cross sections, the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is th
14、e direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on AmbientAtmospheres and Source Emissions.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3796 09. DOI:10.1520/D3796-09R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th
15、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis practice.Copyr
16、ight ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1minimum duct diameter shall be 305 mm (12 in.). Forrectangular cross sections, the width shall be at least 254 mm(10 in.). Other regular cross-section geometries (for example,hexagonal or oct
17、agonal) are permissible, provided that theyhave cross-sectional areas of at least 645 cm2(100 in.2).6.1.2 It is recommended that the cross-sectional area of theflow-system duct be constant over a distance of 10 or moreduct diameters. For rectangular cross sections, use an equiva-lent diameter, calcu
18、lated as follows, to determine the numberof duct diameters:De5 2LW/L1W! (1)where:De= equivalent diameter,L = length of cross section, andW = width of cross section.For regular polygonal ducts, use an equivalent diameter,equal to the diameter of the inscribed circle, to determine thenumber of duct di
19、ameters.6.1.3 To ensure the presence of stable, well-developed flowpatterns at the calibration site (test section), it is recommendedthat the site be located at least 8 duct diameters (or equivalentdiameters) downstream and 2 diameters upstream from thenearest flow disturbances. If the 8 and 2-diame
20、ter criteriacannot be met, the existence of stable, developed flow at thetest site must be adequately demonstrated.6.1.4 The flow-system fan shall have the capacity to gener-ate a test-section velocity of about 909 m/min or 15.2 m/s(3000 ft/min); this velocity should be constant with time. Thefan ca
21、n be located either upstream (Fig. 2) or downstream fromthe test-section.6.1.5 Two entry ports, one each for the Type S and standardpitot tubes, shall be cut in the test section. The standard pitottube entry port shall be located slightly downstream of theType S port, so that the standard and Type S
22、 impact openingswill lie in the same plane during calibration. To facilitatealignment of the pitot tubes during calibration, it is advisablethat the test section be constructed of acrylic or similartransparent material.6.2 Standard Pitot Tube, used to calibrate the Type S pitottube. The standard pit
23、ot tube shall have a known coefficient,obtained preferably directly from the National Institute ofStandards and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD. Alternatively,a modified ellipsoidal-nosed pitot static tube, designed asshown in Fig. 3 may be used (4). Note that the coefficient of theellipsoidal-nosed
24、tube is a function of the stem/static holedistance; therefore, Fig. 4 should be used as a guide fordetermining the precise coefficient value.6.3 Type S Pitot Tube, (isolated pitot or pitobe assembly)either a commercially available model or constructed inaccordance with Martin (1) or allowable modifi
25、cations thereof.6.4 Differential Pressure GageAn inclined manometer, orequivalent device, shall be used to measure differential pres-sure. The gage shall be capable of measuring P to within60.13 mm water or 1.2 Pa (60.005 in. water).6.5 Pitot LinesFlexible lines, made of poly(vinyl chlo-ride) (or si
26、milar material) shall be used to connect the standardand Type S pitot tubes to the differential-pressure gage.7. Procedure7.1 Assign a permanent identification number to the Type Spitot tube. Mark or engrave this number on the body of thetube. Mark one leg of the tube “A,” and the other, “B.”7.2 Pre
27、pare the differential-pressure gage for use. If aninclined manometer is to be used, be sure that it is properlyfilled, and that the manometer fluid is free of contamination.7.3 Level and zero the manometer (if used). Inspect all pitotlines and check for leaks; repair or replace lines if necessary.7.
28、4 Turn on the flow system fan and allow the flow tostabilize; the test section velocity should be about 909 m/minor 15.2 m/s (3000 ft/min). Seal the Type S entry port.FIG. 1 Isolated Type-S Pitot TubeFIG. 2 Pitot Tube Calibration SystemD3796 09 (2016)27.5 Determine an appropriate calibration point.
29、Use thefollowing guidelines:7.5.1 For isolated Type S pitot tubes (or pitot tube-thermocouple combinations), select a calibration point at ornear the center of the duct.7.5.2 For pitobe assemblies, choose a point for which probeblockage effects are minimal; the point should be as close tothe center
30、of the duct as possible. To determine whether a givenpoint will be acceptable for use as a calibration point, make aprojected-area model of the pitobe assembly (Fig. 5), with theimpact openings of the Type S pitot tube centered at the point.For assemblies without external sheaths (Fig. 5(a), the poi
31、ntwill be acceptable if the theoretical probe blockage, calculatedas shown in Fig. 5, is less than or equal to 2 %. For assemblieswith external sheaths (Fig. 5(b), the point will be acceptable ifthe theoretical probe blockage is 3 % or less (5).7.6 Connect the standard pitot tube to the differential
32、-pressure gage. Position the standard tube at the calibrationpoint; the tip of the tube should be pointed directly into theflow. Particular care should be taken in aligning the tube, toavoid yaw and pitch angle errors. Once the standard pitot tubeis in position, seal the entry port surrounding the t
33、ube.7.7 Take a differential-pressure reading with the standardpitot tube; record this value in a data table similar to the oneshown in Fig. 6. Remove the standard pitot tube from the ductand disconnect it from the differential pressure gage. Seal thestandard pitot entry port.7.8 Connect the Type S p
34、itot tube to the differential-pressuregage and open the Type S entry port. Insert and align the TypeS pitot tube so that its “A” side impact opening is positioned atthe calibration point, and is pointed directly into the flow. Sealthe entry port surrounding the tube.7.9 Take a differential-pressure
35、reading with the Type Spitot tube; record this value in the data table. Remove the TypeS pitot tube from the duct; disconnect the tube from thedifferential-pressure gage. Seal the Type S entry port.7.10 Repeat procedures 7.6 through 7.9, until three pairs ofdifferential-pressure readings have been o
36、btained.7.11 Repeat procedures 7.6 through 7.10 above for the “B”side of the Type S pitot tube.7.12 For pitobe assemblies in which the free space betweenthe pitot tube and nozzle (dimension x, Fig. 7) is less than 19.0mm (34 in.) with a 12.7-mm (12-in.) inside diameter samplingnozzle in place, the v
37、alue of the Type S pitot tube coefficientwill be a function of the free space, which is, in turn, dependentupon nozzle size (6); therefore, for these assemblies, a separatecalibration should be done, in accordance with procedures 7.6through 7.11, with each of the commonly used nozzle sizes inplace.
38、Single-velocity calibration at the midpoint of the normalworking range is suitable for this purpose (7), e-ven thoughnozzles larger than 6.35-mm (14-in.) inside diameter are notordinarily used for isokinetic sampling at velocities around 909m/min or 15.2 m/s (3000 ft/min).8. Calculation8.1 Calculate
39、 the value of the Type S pitot tube coefficientfor each of the six pairs of differential-pressure readings (threefrom side A and three from side B), as follows:FIG. 3 Ellipsoidal Nosed Pitot-Static TubeD3796 09 (2016)3FIG. 4 Effect of Stem/Static Hole Distance on Basic Coefficient, Cp(std), of Stand
40、ard Pitot-Static Tubes with Ellipsoidal NoseFIG. 5 Projected-Area Models for Typical Pitobe AssembliesD3796 09 (2016)4Cps! 5 Cpstd!PstdPs(2)where:Cp(s) = Type S pitot tube coefficient,Cp(std) = coefficient of standard pitot tube,Pstd= differential pressure measured by standard pitottube, kPa (in. H2
41、OormmH2O), andPs= differential pressure measured by Type S pitottube, kPa (in. H2OormmH2O).NOTE 11 in. H2O = 0.249 kPa; 1 mm H2O = 0.0098 kPa.FIG. 6 Calibration Data Table, Single-Velocity CalibrationNOTE 1This figure shows pitot tube-nozzle separation distance (x); the Type S pitot tube coefficient
42、 is a function of x, if x 34 in. where Dn=12in.mm in.1312193476 3FIG. 7 Typical Pitobe AssemblyD3796 09 (2016)58.2 Calculate the meanAand B side coefficients of the TypeS pitot tube, as follows:CpsideA orB! 513Cps!3(3)where:Cp(side A or B) = mean A or B side coefficient, andCp(s) = individual value
43、of Type S pitotcoefficient, A or B side.8.3 Subtract the mean A side coefficient from the mean Bside coefficient. Take the absolute value of this difference.8.4 Calculate the deviation of each of the A and B sidecoefficient values from its mean value, as follows:DeviationA orB side! 5 Cps! 2 CpsideA
44、 orB! (4)8.5 Calculate the average deviation from the mean, for boththe A and B sides of the pitot tube, as follows:sideA orB! 513Cps! 2 CpsideA orB!#3(5)where (side A or B) = average deviation of Cp(s) valuesfrom the mean, A or B side.9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionThe results of the calibration
45、 should not beconsidered suspect unless the following criteria fail to be met:9.1.1 The absolute value of the difference between the meanA and B side coefficients (see 8.3) is less than or equal to 0.01.9.1.2 The A and B side values of average deviation are lessthan or equal to 0.01.9.1.3 If criteri
46、on 9.1.1,or9.1.2, or both, are not met, theType S pitot tube may not be suitable for use. In such cases,repeat the calibration procedure two more times; do not use theType S pitot tube unless both of these runs give satisfactoryresults.9.2 BiasIn general, the mean A and B side coefficientvalues obta
47、ined by this method will be accurate to within63 % over the normal working range (7).9.2.1 When a calibrated pitobe assembly is used to measurevelocity in ducts having diameters (or equivalent diameters)between 305 and 915 mm (12 and 36 in.), the calibrationcoefficients may need to be adjusted sligh
48、tly to compensate forprobe blockage effects. A procedure for making these adjust-ments is outlined in AnnexA2. Conventional pitobe assembliesare not recommended for use in ducts smaller than 305 mm (12in.) in diameter.9.2.2 AType S pitot tube shall be calibrated before its initialuse. Thereafter, if
49、 the tube has been significantly damaged byfield use (for example, if the impact openings are noticeablybent out of shape, nicked, or misaligned), it should be repairedand recalibrated. The data collected should be evaluated in thelight of this recalibration.9.2.3 The coefficient of a calibrated isolated Type S pitottube may change if the isolated tube is attached to a sourcesampling probe and used as a pitobe assembly. The isolated andassembly coefficient values can only be considered equal whenthe intercomponent spacing requiremen
