1、Designation: D 3877 02Standard Test Methods forOne-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressureof Soil-Lime Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3877; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 These test methods provide procedures for conductingexpansion, shrinkage, and uplift pressure tests
3、on compactedsoil-lime mixtures and can be used to determine the limecontent required to achieve desired control of volume changescaused by increases or decreases of moisture.1.2 The tests can be used to determine (1) the magnitude ofvolume changes under varying load conditions, (2) the rate ofvolume
4、 change, and (3) the magnitude of pressure change asmoisture changes of the soil-lime mixture take place. Thepermeability of soil-lime mixture can also, if desired, bedetermined at the various load conditions.NOTE 1Changes in field conditions can have major effects on theexpansion and shrinkage char
5、acteristics of expansive soils. Therefore, tothe greatest extent possible, initial and anticipated future field conditionsshould be duplicated, particularly with respect to moisture and density.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding
6、established inPractice D 60261.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its
7、 scope.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establ
8、ish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as usedby the industry)2D 427 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils2D 653 Terminology R
9、elating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 698 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations ofSoils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 2.49-kg (5.5 lb)Rammer and 305-mm (12-in.) Drop3D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils3D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger Borings3D
10、 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)3D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock3D 2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils3D 3551 Meth
11、od for Laboratory Preparation of Soil-LimeMixtures Using a Mechanical Mixer3D 3740 Practice for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/orInspection of Soil and Rock as Used in EngineeringDesign and Construction3D 4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by theWax Method3D 6026 Practice for Using
12、 Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.2 Refer to Terminology C 51 for terms relating to lime.3.3 Refer to Terminology D 653 for terms relating to soil.4. Significance and Use4.1 From these tests the relative expansive potential ofsoil-lime mixtures containing vary
13、ing amounts of lime can beevaluated. From such an evaluation, the amount of limerequired to reduce expansion to acceptable levels can be1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilizationby Adm
14、ixtures.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originallypublished as D 3877 80. Last previous edition D 3877 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.1*A Summary of Changes section app
15、ears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.determined. The data can then be used for the design andspecification requirements for structural fill and subgrade fillwhere expansive soils are encount
16、ered and it is desired to givea certain degree of expansion-shrinkage control to structurefoundations and road subgrades. The tests will also show if thespecific soils are amenable to lime stabilization.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the pe
17、rsonnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3
18、740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 The apparatus shall comply with the requirements ofTest Method D 2435, except that the minimum specimenthickness shall be 19.0 m
19、m (0.75 in.). The apparatus shall becapable of exerting a pressure on the specimen of at least200 % of the maximum anticipated design load and at least themaximum uplift pressure.5.2 Micrometer Dial Gage, mounted on the apparatus asshown in Fig. 1. Other equivalent arrangements may be usedfor mounti
20、ng the gage. The sensitivity of the dial gage shall be60.0025 mm (60.0001 in.).5.3 Ring Gage, machined to the same height as the speci-men ring to an accuracy of 60.02 mm (60.001 in.) and thatcan be fitted into the consolidometer.5.4 Consolidometer, equipped with a lower drain cock andpermeameter tu
21、be standpipe for removing any entrapped airbelow the specimen and for adding water to the specimen,respectively, as shown on Fig. 1.5.5 Extension Collar, for compacting specimens, about 100mm (4 in.) in depth and of the same diameter as the specimenring.NOTE 3Specimens may be compacted in a mold lar
22、ger than thespecimen ring and the specimens trimmed to fit the specimen ring.5.6 Compaction Hammer, of the type required for TestMethods D 698, Method A, or similar.5.7 Glass Plates, two, to cover each consolidometer ring.6. Sampling6.1 Samples of natural soils for these tests may be obtainedin acco
23、rdance with Practice D 1452 or from other approvedmethods. The soil samples should not be oven dried prior totest specimen preparation.7. Procedure7.1 Assemble the consolidometer base, specimen ring, po-rous plates, and load plate with the ring gage in the emptyspecimen container with the same arran
24、gement of parts to beused for testing the specimen.7.2 Place the assembly in the loading apparatus in the sameposition it will occupy during the test.7.3 Apply a load equal to a unit pressure of 2.4 kPa (50lbf/ft2) on the load plate.7.4 Record the initial dial gage reading, r1. Mark the parts ofthe
25、apparatus so that they can be reassembled in the samematched position during the test on the soil-lime specimen.7.5 Prepare a minimum of 1 kg (2 lb) of the soil-limemixture with the desired lime and water contents in accordancewith Method D 3551. The mixture shall have no particleslarger than 4.75 m
26、m (316 in., No. 4 sieve size).7.6 Weigh the consolidometer ring.7.7 With the extension collar in place on the assembledconsolidometer ring, compact the specimen in the consolidom-eter ring to the desired wet unit weight by means of a suitablecompaction hammer. The specimen should have a thickness of
27、about 6 mm (14 in.) greater than the depth of the ring gage.7.8 Remove the extension collar and trim the excess mate-rial from the top of the specimen with a suitable straightedge orother tool.7.9 Place a moisture sample of the trimmed material in anairtight container for later moisture content dete
28、rminations inaccordance with Test Method D 2216.7.10 Immediately after trimming the compacted specimen,weigh the specimen and ring and cover the exposed surfaces ofthe specimen with glass plates held in place by clamps, untilthe specimen is placed in the loading device.FIG. 1 Fixed-Ring Consolidomet
29、erD38770227.11 Compute the initial wet density of the specimen usingthe calculated volume of the consolidometer ring and the netweight of the specimen. The computed wet density shall bewithin 16.02 kg/m3(1 lb/ft3) and 1 % water content of thatrequired.7.12 If the desired density is not obtained, dis
30、card thespecimen. Repeat the compaction process, adjusting the com-pactive effort to achieve the desired unit weight.7.13 Any curing for the soil-lime specimen shall be done atthis time. Conduct all curing in suitable sealed containers toprevent moisture evaporation and carbonation of the lime.7.14
31、At the end of the curing period, place the specimenwith its confining consolidometer ring in the loading apparatusin accordance with Test Method D 2435, making certain thatthe parts are matched in the same matched position as that usedfor the initial calibration (4:1).7.15 Apply a seating load equal
32、 to a pressure of 2.4 kPa (50lbf/ft2).7.16 Record the dial gage reading, r2. Use the difference ofr1to r2to determine the exact height of the specimen.8. Expansion Tests8.1 The expansive characteristics of an expansive soil withor without lime treatment vary according to the applied stresspaths.8.2
33、At least two duplicate specimens are required for acomplete test.8.3 Using the procedures described in this method and inTest Method D 2435, determine the data for two series of tests:(1) loaded and expanded, whereby the unsoaked specimen issaturated with water and then loaded to prevent uplift (Cur
34、ve Aof Fig. 2), and (2) expanded and loaded, whereby the specimenis saturated prior to loading (Curve B of Fig. 2). See Fig. 2 fora typical plot of Curves A and B. Any other loading procedurewould be intermediate in nature and represented by pointsalong a path such as shown by Curve C of Fig. 2.8.4
35、Loaded and ExpandedAfter the initial seating loadhas been applied and the initial dial gage reading has beenrecorded, saturate specimen No. 1 in the following manner.8.4.1 Fill the permeameter tube standpipe with distilledwater (Note 4), taking care to remove any air that may beentrapped in the syst
36、em by slowly wetting the lower porousstone and draining through the lower drain cock. (The head ofwater in the permeameter tube should be sufficiently low sothat the specimen is not lifted.)8.4.2 As the specimen begins to expand, increase the load asrequired to hold the specimen at its original heig
37、ht.8.4.3 After the maximum load, a measure of the maximumuplift pressure, has been reached and held constant for 48 hminimum, reduce the load to12,14, and18 of the maximumload and finally to the seating load of 2.4 kPa (50 lbf/ft2).Measure the height with each load. Use a greater number ofloadings i
38、f greater detail in the test curve is required.8.4.4 Maintain all loads for 24 h, or longer if needed, toobtain constant values of height.8.4.5 Remove the specimen from the ring container andweigh it immediately and again after oven drying at 221F(105C).8.4.6 Determine the water content of the total
39、 specimen inaccordance with Test Method D 2216.8.4.7 Secure a specific gravity test sample from the oven-dried specimen and determine the specific gravity of thematerial in accordance with Test Method D 854.8.4.8 Calculate the degree of saturation from the watercontent, dry bulk density, and specifi
40、c gravity of the specimen.NOTE 4Unless otherwise specified, distilled water shall be used. It isoften desirable to use water having the same chemical constituents as theground water or transported water to be encountered in the field becauseof base exchange effects.8.5 Expanded and LoadedAfter the i
41、nitial seating loadhas been applied and the initial dial gage reading has beenrecorded, saturate specimen No. 2 in accordance with 7.4.8.5.1 Allow the specimen to expand under the seating loadfor 48 h minimum or until expansion is complete.8.5.2 Load the specimen successively to18,14,12, and 1times
42、the maximum load found in 8.4 for specimen No. 1 todetermine the reconsolidation characteristics of the specimen.Use a greater number of loadings if greater detail in the test isrequired.8.5.3 Follow the procedures specified in Test MethodFIG. 2 Example of Load - Expansion Curves for Wetted Specimen
43、sD3877023D 2435 for making loadings and all measurements and deter-minations.8.6 Individual Load ExpansionWhen it is desired toperform separate expansion tests for other conditions ofloading, use the following procedure:8.6.1 After the initial seating loads have been applied to thespecimens and the
44、initial dial gage readings have been re-corded, load each specimen to the desired loading, and saturatethe specimen in accordance with 8.4.1.8.6.2 Allow the specimen to expand under the applied loadfor 48 h or until expansion is complete. Measure the height ofthe expanded specimen.8.6.3 Reduce the l
45、oad to that of the seating load. Allow theheight to become constant and measure, then remove thespecimen from the ring and make the water content, dry bulkdensity, specific gravity, and degree of saturation determina-tions in accordance with 8.4.1. An intermediate specimen testdata example is shown
46、on Curve C of Fig. 2.NOTE 5As an example, Curve C is plotted through the zero expansionand maximum uplift pressure point from Curve A, the intermediatespecimen test data and the maximum expansion point from Curve B.9. Permeability Test9.1 After saturation of any of the test specimens describedin 6.5
47、, 8.4, and 8.6 have been completed, permeability readingscan be taken at any time during the tests by filling thepermeameter tube.9.2 Record the initial head, Hi, and allow the water topercolate through the specimen.9.3 Measure the standpipe head, Hf, and the time elapsed inminutes for the head-drop
48、 measures.9.4 Permeability tests at any particular load condition shallbe carried out for at least a 24-h period.10. Shrinkage Test10.1 When measurements of shrinkage on drying areneeded, prepare an additional specimen in accordance with 7.5and 7.6. Mold this specimen in the container ring to the sa
49、mebulk density and water content conditions as the expansionspecimens No. 1 and 2.10.1.1 Measure the initial height, volume and water content,and density as described in 7.6 and 7.16.10.2 Height Shrinkage DeterminationsIf the height of theair-dried specimen is desired, dry the specimen in air to at leastthe water content corresponding to the shrinkage limit asdetermined by Test Method D 427.10.2.1 Place the dried specimen and ring container in theloading machine.10.2.2 Apply the seating load of 2.4 kPa (50 lbf/ft2) andread the dial gage.10.3 Volume Shrinkage Dete
