1、Designation: D3885 07a (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing andAbrasion Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3885; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers the determination of theabrasion resistance of woven or nonwoven textile f
3、abrics usingthe flexing and abrasion tester.1.2 This test method applies to most woven and nonwovenfabrics providing they do not stretch excessively. It is notapplicable to floor coverings.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. With
4、in the text,the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith this test method.1.4 This standard does not
5、 purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1For other test methods for abrasion
6、 resistance of textiles referto Test Methods D3884, D3886, D4157, D4158, D4966, and AATCC 93.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2904 Practice f
7、or Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles4D3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Text
8、ileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resista
9、nce of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 AATCC Test Method:AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: AccelerotorMethod53. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.60, Fabric TestMethods, S
10、pecific, see Terminology D4850.3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion, abrasion cycle, breaking force, double-stroke, flex-ibility, standard atmosphere for preconditioning textiles, stan-dard atmosphere for testing textiles.3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, s
11、ee Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-men to unidirectional reciprocal folding and rubbing over a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on
12、 Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3885 07a. DOI:10.1520/D3885-07AR11.2This test method is based upon the development described by Stoll, R.G.,“Improved MultipurposeAbrasion T
13、ester and itsApplication for the Evaluation of theWear Resistance of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, July, 1949, p. 394.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
14、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM I
15、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.specific bar under specified conditions of pressure, tension, andabrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by eitherdetermining the percent loss in breaking force of an abradedspecimen compar
16、ed to an unabraded specimen or the cycles torupture, or both.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments because information onbetween-laboratory precision is known to be poor.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be
17、-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are ashomogenous as possible, are drawn from the material fromwh
18、ich the disparate test results were obtained, and are ran-domly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing.Other fabrics with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the two laboratories should becompared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at
19、 aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results must be adjusted in consideration of the knownbias.5.2 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textilefabrics is very complex. The resistance to abr
20、asion is affectedby many factors that include the inherent mechanical propertiesof the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of theyarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, andamount of treatment added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric; thenature of the abradant; the variab
21、le action of the abradant overthe specimen area abraded; the tension on the specimen; thepressure between the specimen and the abradant; and thedimensional changes in the specimen.5.3 The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion canbe affected by the method of evaluation and is often influence
22、dby the judgment of the operator. It is recognized that with thistest method other means of evaluation besides cycles to ruptureand breaking strength have been used by the industry, such ascolor change, appearance change, and so forth. Experience hasshown these to be highly variable parameters and t
23、hey are notrecommended without exact criteria identified in an applicablematerial specification or contract. Consequently, the criteria ofbreaking strength and cycles to rupture are the recommendedmeans of evaluation because they are considered the leastvariable and interlaboratory agreement is like
24、ly to be obtainedmore easily.5.4 Abrasion tests are subject to variations due to changes inthe abradant bar during specific tests. The abradant bar isconsidered a permanent abradant that uses a hardened metalsurface. It is assumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of
25、tests, but obviously similarabradants used in different laboratories will not likely change atthe same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradantsmay also change due to pickup of treatments or other materialfrom test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequentintervals. Consequentl
26、y, depending upon its usage, the abrad-ant bar must be checked periodically against a standard.5.5 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured by this test method does not include all the factors whichaccount for wear performance or durability in actual use. Whilethe abrasion resist
27、ance stated in terms of the number of cyclesand durability (defined as the ability to withstand deteriorationor wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion) arefrequently related, the relationship varies with different enduses. Different factors may be necessary in any calculation ofpredic
28、ted durability from specific abrasion data.5.5.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication ofrelative end use in cases where the difference in abrasionresistance of various materials is large, but they should not berelied upon where differences in laboratory test findings aresmall. In genera
29、l, the results should not be relied upon forprediction of performance during actual wear life for specificend uses unless there are data showing the specific relationshipbetween laboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in theintended end use.5.6 This test method is useful for pretreating material f
30、orsubsequent testing for strength or barrier performance.5.7 The pressure and tension used is varied, depending onthe mass and nature of the material and the end-use application.Whenever possible, all materials that are to be compared witheach other should be tested under the same pressure andtensio
31、n.5.8 When abrasion tests are continued to total destruction,abrasion resistance comparisons are not practical for fabricshaving a different mass because the change in abrasionresistance is not directly proportional to the change in thefabric mass.5.9 All the test methods and instruments that have b
32、eendeveloped for abrasion resistance may show a high degree ofvariability in results obtained by different operators and indifferent laboratories, however, they represent the methodsmost widely used in the industry. Because there is a definiteneed for measuring the relative resistance to abrasion, t
33、his testmethod is one of several standardized test methods that isuseful to help minimize the inherent variation that may occurin results.5.10 These general observations apply to most fabrics,including woven and nonwoven fabrics that are used inautomotive, household, and wearing apparel applications
34、.6. Apparatus6.1 Flex Abrasion Testing Machine6(see Figs. 1 and 2),consisting of the following:6.1.1 Balanced Head and Flex Block Assembly, that has twoparallel, smooth plates.6.1.1.1 The balanced head is rigidly supported by a double-lever assembly to provide free movement in a directionperpendicul
35、ar to the plate of the flex block. This head mustremain stationary during the test and must be balanced tomaintain a uniform vertical pressure from the dead weights.6.1.1.2 The flex block is capable of reciprocating at 115 610 double strokes per minute of 25 6 2-mm (1 6 0.1-in.)stroke length.6Appara
36、tus and accessories are commercially available.D3885 07a (2011)26.1.1.3 Clamps are secured to the front of each plate of thehead and flex-block assemblies to permit mounting of thespecimen. The clamps have surfaces that prevent slippage ofthe specimen and permit the specimen after it has been folded
37、over the abradant bar to be centrally positioned and alignedwith its long direction parallel to the reciprocating flex bar.6.1.2 Flexing Bar Yoke, sufficiently rigid to prevent distor-tion during the specimen loading and capable of applyingtension to the rigidly secured flexing bar with the force ac
38、tingparallel to the surface of the head and block assembly platesand perpendicular to the fold of the specimen such that anevenly distributed tension is provided across the fold of thespecimen.6.1.2.1 A positioning device is provided to position theflexing bar and yoke assembly while loading the spe
39、cimen suchthat the edge of the flexing bar is parallel to the fold of thespecimen during the test. The positioning device is capable ofmoving into contact with the yoke prior to loading thespecimen and moving away from contact with the yoke justprior to starting the test machine.FIG. 1 Schematic Dia
40、gram of Flexing and Abrasion TesterFIG. 2 Commercial Flexing and Abrasion TesterD3885 07a (2011)36.1.3 Thumb Screw, that allows moving the clamp to pro-vide slack take-up of the specimen.6.1.4 Machine Stopping Mechanism, a microswitch, orequivalent, to stop the machine, actuated by the release of th
41、etension on the specimen when it ruptures.6.1.5 Cycle Counter, to record the number of cycles (doublestrokes) and stop the machine at fabric failure.6.1.6 Automatic Shutoff, as part of the cycle counter orin-line timer, or equivalent, with set and stop mechanismcapable of stopping the machine at a p
42、redetermined number ofcycles.6.1.7 Calibrated Tension Weights, with individual masses of250, 500, and 1000 g (12 , 1, and 2 lbf) that can provide up toa total of 2500 g (5 lbf) that fit on a weight rack that is attachedby cables to the yoke to adjust tension to the specimen.Individual weight toleran
43、ces are 61%.6.1.8 Calibrated Head Weights, with individual masses of250, 500, and 1000 g (12 , 1, and 2 lbf) that can provide up toa total of 2500 g (5 lbf) that fits on the balanced head, to applypressure to the specimen. Individual weight tolerances are61%.6.2 Working Flex Bar, used for testing, 1
44、.6 6 0.4 by 11.2 61.6 mm (116 6164 by716 6716 in.) in cross section, made withtool steel tipped with an edge of cemented carbide. The top,bottom, and edge of the bar that is in contact with the specimenis finished by grinding and polishing, leveling off the micro-scopic projection without breaking t
45、he edges of the bar. The baris capable of firmly attaching to the yoke.6.3 Standardized Master Flex Bar, to standardize the work-ing flex bar, including storage container to prevent bar damage,available from the manufacturer.6.4 Calibration Ribbon6, fused acetate ribbon, 25 mm (1 in.)wide, available
46、 from the manufacturer.6.5 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRT typeconforming to Specification D76, with respect to force indica-tion, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator anddesigned for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 60.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive,
47、 change gears, orinterchangeable full-scale force range as required to obtain 206 3 s time-to-break.6.6 Nylon Brush, medium bristle, or equivalent.6.7 Acetone, or other appropriate solvent to clean the flexbar (see 7.1)7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this test method may be hazardous.Refe
48、r to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation on use, handling, storage, and disposal of solventsused with this test method.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as
49、 applicable.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitAs a laboratory samplingunit take from rolls at least one full-width piece of fabric thatis1m(1yd)inlength along the selvage (machine direction),after removing a first1m(1yd)length. For fabric componentsof fabricated systems use the entire system8.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,cut 4 warp-wise (lengthwise) and 4 filling-wise (widthwise)test specimens at least 200 mm (8 in.) long. For woven fabrics,cut specimens either 32 mm (114 in.) wide if there are 50 yarnsper 25 mm (1 in.) or more, or 38 mm (112 in.) wide
