1、Designation: D 3886 99 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated DiaphragmApparatus)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made in August 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers the determination of
3、 theresistance to abrasion of woven and knitted textile fabrics, bothconditioned and wet, using the inflated diaphragm tester. Thisprocedure is not applicable to floor coverings.NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given in Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D
4、 1175, andAATCC Test Method 93.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard; the values in English units are provided as informa-tion only and are not exact equivalents.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
5、theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1175 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of
6、TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder and Uniform AbrasionD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextilesD 3884 Guide for Ab
7、rasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)2.2 AATCC Standard:Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics:AcceleratorMethod43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion, nthe wea
8、ring away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface.3.1.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen is abraded by rubbing either unidirection-ally or multidirectionally against an abradant havi
9、ng specifiedsurface characteristics. A specimen is held in a fixed positionand supported by an inflated rubber diaphragm which is heldunder constant pressure. A specimen is abraded by rubbingeither unidirectionally or multidirectionally against an abradanthaving specified surface characteristics. Th
10、e resistance toabrasion is determined using Option 1, the number of cycles towear a hole in the specimen, or Option 2, visual assessment ofthe specimen surface after a specified number of cycles.5. Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textileand other materials is
11、 very complex. The resistance to abrasionis affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanicalproperties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; thestructure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and thetype, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers,yarns, or f
12、abric.5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the
13、 specimens.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in
14、2006 as D 3886 99(2006).2This test method is based upon the development described by R. G. Stoll, in“Improved Multipurpose Abrasion Test and Its Application for the Wear Resistanceof Textiles,” Textile Research Journal , July 1949, p. 394.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
15、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1C
16、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changesin the abradant during specific tests. The abradant mustaccordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checkedperiodically
17、 against a standard. With disposable abradants, theabradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. Withpermanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalentsurfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants usedin diff
18、erent laboratories will not change at the same rate, due todifferences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change dueto pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics andmust accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The mea-surement of the relative amount of abrasion may also beaff
19、ected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced bythe judgment of the operator.5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally onlyone of several factors contributing to wear performance ordurability as experienced in the a
20、ctual use of the material.While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of thenumber of cycles on a specified machine, using a specifiedtechnique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-tion or wearing out in use, inclu
21、ding the effects of abrasion) arefrequently related, the relationship varies with different enduses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculationof predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratorytests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-useperformance in cases
22、where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of various materials is large, but they should not be reliedupon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. Ingeneral, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actualwear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing thespe
23、cific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests andactual wear in the intended end-use.5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is notsurprising, therefore, t
24、o find that there are many different typesof abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-tance and interpretation of results.5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developedfor measuring abrasion resistance may show a
25、high degree ofvariability in results obtained by different operators and indifferent laboratories; however, they represent the test methodsnow most widely in use.5.7 Because there is a definite need for measuring therelative resistance to abrasion, standardized test methods areneeded and useful and
26、may clarify the problem and lessen theconfusion.5.8 Because of the conditions mentioned above, techniciansfrequently fail to get good agreement between results obtainedon the same type of testing instrument both within and betweenlaboratories, and the precision of these test methods is uncer-tain.5.
27、9 Test Method D 3886 is not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipment because of the poor between-laboratory precision.5.9.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser
28、and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testFIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Inflated Diaph
29、ragm Abrasion TesterD 3886 99 (2007)e12specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and whichare from a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be
30、 compared using appropriate statisticalanalysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability levelchosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected or thepurchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future testresults in the
31、 light of the known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion Tester5, shown in Fig. 1and Fig. 2 with the following essential parts:6.1.1 Surface Abrasion HeadThe specimen is mounted ina circular clamp over a rubber diaphragm by means of aclamping ring and a tightening collar. The circular op
32、ening ofthe clamping ring is 94.0 6 1.3 mm (3.70 6 0.05 in.) indiameter and that of the collar 95.3 mm (3.75 in.) or more. Theheight from the surface of the clamped-in specimen to theupper edge of the tightening collar shall not exceed 9.5 mm (38in.). The clamping area of the body of the clamp and t
33、he ringshould have gripping surfaces to prevent slipping of thespecimen and leakage of air pressure during the test. Meansshould be provided for supplying air pressure to the body of theclamp so that the pressure under the diaphragm can becontrolled between 0 and 41 kPa (0 and 6 psi) with an accurac
34、yof 65 % of range.6.1.2 DiaphragmThe rubber diaphragm should be 1.40 60.25 mm (0.055 6 0.010 in.) in thickness. A metallic contactpin 3.2 mm (18 in.) in diameter is sealed into the center of thediaphragm flush with the diaphragm surface. Provision shouldbe made for a flexible electrical connection f
35、rom this contactpin to the ground of the machine. The strain distribution on thediaphragm must be uniform so that when inflated without thespecimen, it assumes the shape of a section of a sphere.Pressure can be controlled from 0 to 41 kPa (0 to 6 psi).6.1.3 Driving MechanismThe design of the driving
36、mechanism is such that the circular clamp makes a reciprocalmotion of 115 6 15 double strokes per minute of 25-mm(1-in.) stroke length. Provision shall be made for rotation of theclamp in addition to the reciprocating motion so that onerevolution can be completed in 100 6 10 double strokes.6.1.4 Bal
37、ance Head and Abradant Plate The abradant ismounted upon a plate, which is rigidly supported by adouble-lever assembly to provide for free movement in adirection perpendicular to the plane of the reciprocatingspecimen clamp. The abradant plate assembly should be wellbalanced to maintain a vertical p
38、ressure equivalent to a mass of0 to 2.2 kg (0 to 5 lb) by means of dead weights. Provisionshould be made to mount different abradants such as abrasivepaper, fabrics, etc., on this plate, and to stretch them into aneven position. An electrically insulated contact pin, adjustable5Apparatus is availabl
39、e commercially.FIG. 2 One Type of Commercial Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion TesterD 3886 99 (2007)e13to the thickness of the abradant is mounted into this plate on thelength axis at one of the turning points of the center of theclamp.6.1.5 Some testers can also be equipped with a continuouschanging abr
40、adant head which is optional.NOTE 2The machine manufacturer does not provide adequate instruc-tions for the use of the continuous changing abradant head. Work is beingdone with the manufacturer to write a set of instructions.6.1.6 Machine Stopping MechanismContact between theadjustable pin on the lo
41、wer side of the abradant plate and thecontact pin inserted into the center of the diaphragm closes alow-voltage circuit and stops the machine.6.1.7 IndicatorsMeans should be provided for indicatingthe diaphragm pressure, and the number of abrasion cycles (1cycle = 1 double stroke).6.1.8 Fig. 2 shows
42、 a commercially available machine thatconforms to the requirements of this method.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Con
43、sider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling unit.NOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls of fabric and between test specimens from a swatch from aroll of fabric to produce a sampling plan w
44、ith a meaningful producersrisk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleTake a laboratory sample fromeach roll or piece of fabric in the lot sample. The laboratorysample should be full width and at least 50 cm (approximately20 in.) long and should no
45、t be taken any closer to the end of theroll or piece of fabric than1m(1yd).7.3 Test SpecimensTest five specimens from each labora-tory sampling unit. Cut the specimens 112 mm (438 in.) indiameter and space them on a diagonal to represent differentmachine and cross-machine direction areas of the labo
46、ratorysampling units. Take no specimen within one tenth of the fabricwidth from the edges.8. Conditioning8.1 Precondition and condition samples or specimens asdirected in Practice D 1776. Consider equilibruim to have beenreached when the increase in mass of the specimen in succes-sive weighings made
47、 at intervals of not less than 2 h does notexceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.9. Procedure9.1 Test the specimen in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles, which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and 65 6 2 % relativehumidity.9.2 Place the specimen over the rubber diaphragm in asmooth condition, clamp
48、the specimen in place without dis-torting it.9.3 Place the abrasive paper or other abradant on theabradant plate under sufficient tension to be held smooth and insuch a position that the contact pin, reaching through a hole inthe abradant, is even with the surface of the abradant. No. 0emery polishi
49、ng paper is the standard abradant. The methodmay be modified to use other abradants but this informationshould be included in the final report.NOTE 4If the continuous changing abradant head is used, it should benoted that, although the weight of the head is counter-balanced, thebalance changes during use as the paper passes from the back roll to thefront roll unless the continuous changing abradant head is used.NOTE 5Unless the continuous changing abradant head is used, it isrecommended that the abradant paper be changed at some regularfrequency, such as ever
