1、Designation: D 3939 03 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forSnagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the snagging resistance of afabric.1.2 Studies of fabric snagging have shown that this testmethod
3、is suitable for a range of woven and knitted fabricsmade from textured or untextured filament yarns or spun yarnsor combinations of these yarns.2,3This test method is notsuitable for (1) open construction fabrics (such as a net)because the points on the mace will snag the felt pad ratherthan the spe
4、cimen, (2) very heavy or very stiff fabrics thatcannot be made to fit tightly on the drum and felt pad, and (3)tufted or nonwoven fabrics because the apparatus is designedfor woven and knitted fabrics.1.3 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or inother units shall be regarded separate
5、ly as the standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of the other,without combining values in any way. In case of refereedecisions, the metric units will prevail.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafe
6、ty concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Do
7、cuments2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1335 Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Floor CoveringsD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and LaminatedApparel FabricsD 3136 Terminology Relating to Care Labeling for Apparel,Te
8、xtile, Home Furnishing, and Leather ProductsD 4467 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Non-Normally Distributed DataD 4850 Terminology Relating to FabricD 5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Bean Bag)2.2 AATCC Standards:565 Test Method for Snag
9、Resistance of Womens NylonHosiery (see Note 1)135 Test Method for Dimensional Changes in AutomaticHome Laundering of Woven and Knit FabricsNOTE 1In 1988, the AATCC voted to withdraw this test method fromits technical manual; however, the ASTM task group on fabric snaggingdecided it should be listed
10、as an alternative for testing open constructionfabrics.3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:(color contrast, in textiles; distortion, in fabrics; protrusion, infabrics; snag, in fabrics; snagging resistance, in fabrics), referto Terminology D 4850.3.2 For defin
11、itions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A tubular specimen is placed on a cylindrical drum.Then a mace (spiked ball) bounces randomly against therotating specimen. Snags are produced to a degree affected bya variety of factors. T
12、he degree of fabric snagging is thenevaluated by comparison of the tested specimens with visualstandards that may be either fabrics or photographs of fabrics.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric
13、 Test Methods,General.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 3939 97a.2Finnigan, J. A., “Laboratory Prediction of the Tendency of a Fabric to SnagDuring Wear,” Textile Institute and Industry, Vol 10, No.
14、 6, 1972, pp. 164167.3Leung, P., and Hershkowitz, R., “Snag- and Fuzz-Resistant Double Knits viaFabric Construction,” Textile Research Journal, Vol 45, No. 2, 1975, pp. 93102.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、 Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The observed resistance to snagging is reported on a scaleranging from 5 (no or insignificant snagging) to 1 (very severesnagging).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is not considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments
17、of fabrics becausethe between-laboratory precision of the test method is poor (see15.1).5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative test should be performed to determine if there is astatistical significant differ
18、ence between them, using competentstatistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for sucha comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawnfrom the same lot of material as the samples that resulted indisparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned inequal numbers to
19、each laboratory. The test results from thelaboratories involved should be compared using a statisticaltest for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to thetesting series. If bias is found, either its cause must be foundand corrected or future testing for that material must beadjusted in
20、 consideration of the statistically significant differ-ences.5.2 This test method may be used for quality control testingof fabrics during manufacturing and product comparisons ofdifferent fabrics by manufacturers, retailers, and users. This testmethod may also be used by researchers to examine the
21、effectof new fibers, yarns, fabric constructions, and finishes on thesnagging resistance of fabrics.5.3 This test method may be used to test the snaggingresistance of most apparel and home furnishings fabrics.However, a different test method may be needed for differenttypes of fabrics and different
22、end-uses (such as towels, pants,and upholstery) (see 5.3.1).5.3.1 Some fabrics that may not be suitable for this testmethod are described in 1.2. Many open construction fabricscan be tested for snagging resistance using AATCC TestMethod 65. The snagging resistance of many pile floorcoverings can be
23、tested by Test Method D 1335. Test MethodD 5362 (Bean Bag) may also be considered as an alternativefor testing the snagging resistance of fabrics.5.4 Since fabric snagging can be affected by laundering ordrycleaning, it may be advisable to test the snagging resistanceof a fabric before and after lau
24、ndering or drycleaning.5.5 The snagging resistance of a specific fabric varies withindividual wearers and general conditions of use. Therefore, itcan be expected that garments of the same fabric will show afairly wide snagging resistance spectrum after wear and muchgreater variation in wear than in
25、replicate fabric specimenssubjected to controlled laboratory tests. This factor should beconsidered when adopting levels of acceptability for anyspecification that includes snagging resistance.5.6 Snags observed in worn garments vary appreciably innumber and appearance. The appearance of a snag depe
26、ndsparticularly on (1) the degree of color contrast between thesnag and the surrounding area of the fabric or (2) the presenceof long distortions or long protrusions. These conditions arenot evaluated when snagging is rated solely on the number ofsnags. See Section 13 for a description of color cont
27、rast,distortion, and protrusion as used in this test method; and seeFigs. 1 through 3 in Test Method D 5362 for pictures of fabricdefects due to snagging. Because the overall acceptability of aspecific fabric is dependent on both the characteristics of thesnags and other factors affecting fabric app
28、earance, it isrecommended that fabrics tested in the laboratory be evaluatedwith regard to the defects that may be observed visually andnot rated solely on the number of snags developed. A series ofvisual rating standards (see 6.3.5) may be set up to provide abasis for the ratings. The visual rating
29、 standards are mostadvantageous when the tested laboratory specimens correlateclosely in appearance with fabrics from a wear test, forexample, when tested laboratory specimens and fabrics from awear test show similar color contrasts. In the precedingexample, a series of fabrics from the wear test wo
30、uld be a goodchoice for the fabric standards described in 6.3.5.2.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Procedure 1:6.1.1 ABC Snag Tester6(see Fig. 1).6.1.2 Specimen Template,6150 by 330 mm or 6 by 13 in.6.1.3 Felt,7for 150- by 330-mm or 6- by 13-in. pads.6.1.4 Gage,6for ABC Snag Tester, for setting positio
31、n ofmace (calibration block).6.1.5 Masking Tape, 25-mm or 1-in. single-face, and 50-mmor 2-in. double face.6.2 Procedure 2:6.2.1 ICI Mace Snag Tester7(see Fig. 2).6.2.2 Specimen Templates, 205 by 330 mm or 8 by 13 in. forweft knit fabrics and 205 by 320 mm or 8 by 12.5 in. for wovenfabrics and warp
32、knit fabrics.6.2.3 Felt Sleeves, Green S/924 (70 % wool, 30 % rayon),1.6 mm or 1/16 in. in thickness, approximately 235 g/m 2 or 7oz/yd276.2.4 Gage,7for ICI Mace Snag Tester, for setting positionof mace (calibration block).6.2.5 Rubber O-Rings.76.3 Both Procedures:6.3.1 Sewing Machine, with a sewing
33、 needle that is appro-priate for the fabric being tested for snagging resistance, or6.3.2 Sharps Hand Sewing Needle.6.3.3 Sewing Thread, cotton, Tex ticket 35 to 50, or equiva-lent polyester and cotton.6.3.4 Standard Calibration Fabric, having an establishedsnagging resistance rating that has been a
34、greed upon by thepurchaser and the supplier. (No standard calibration fabric hasbeen specified by Subcommittee D13.59.)6.3.5 Visual Rating Standards:6No company is currently manufacturing the ABC Snag Tester and there is noknown supplier of parts for this tester. Information on the ABC Mace Tester i
35、sincluded in this test method because the tester is still being used to determine fabricsnagging. The sole source of supply of equipment and supplies known to thecommittee at this time is shown in footnotes 8 and 9. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM he
36、adquarters. Your commentswill receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee, which you may attend.7Available from SDL Atlas LLC, 1813A Associates Lane, Charlotte, NC 28217.D 3939 03 (2004)26.3.5.1 Photographic StandardsA series of photographsof tested specimens tha
37、t show the degrees of snagging, such asthe Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) photographs;7or6.3.5.2 Fabric StandardsA series of tested specimens orfabrics from a wear test that show the degrees of snagging (see5.6 and Note 2).NOTE 2Fabric standards should be stored and handled under condi-tions tha
38、t will preserve their original form and appearance. Mount thefabric standards using white poster board or plastic or metal framing.6.3.6 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation, for illumination andsimultaneous viewing of specimens and visual rating stan-dards:6.3.6.1 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation, (see F
39、ig. 3),7having a single cool white fluorescent (CWF) tube with acorrelated color temperature of 4100 to 4500 K, or6.3.6.2 ICI Viewing Cabinet, (see Fig. 4),7having a singlecool white fluorescent (CWF) ube with a correlated colortemperature of 4100 to 4500 K.6.4 Optional Equipment:6.4.1 Steam Iron, w
40、eighted to 2.3 kg or 5 lb and an ironingboard.6.4.2 Tumble Dryer, as described in AATCC TestMethod 135.6.4.3 Washing Machine, as described in AATCC TestMethod 135.6.4.4 Detergent, Heavy Duty Granule, the 1993 AATCCStandard Reference Detergent as described in AATCC TestMethod 135. When agreed upon by
41、 the purchaser and thesupplier, a substitute detergent that does not include fabricsoftener or bleach may be used.6.4.5 Equipment for Drycleaning Specimens, as described inTest Methods D 2724.7. Hazards7.1 Locate the mace snag tester in a low-traffic area becauseof the danger from the exposed mace a
42、nd rotating drum.FIG. 1 ABC Mace TesterFIG. 2 ICI Mace TesterD 3939 03 (2004)3Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm132 1 8 2030.7 18 812 2152 50 12 3054 100 15 380614 159 2114 5406516 160 37 940712 190 40 1020FIG. 3 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFIG. 4 ICI Viewing CabinetD 3939 03 (2004)47.2 Check that a
43、ll parts of the mace snag tester are secureand are in good working condition.7.3 Wear protective gloves when examining the points onthe mace snag tester or removing fibers and yarns from themace points.7.4 Observe the following safety precautions when operat-ing the tester: (1) do not wear loose or
44、dangling clothing thatcan get caught in the mace points or moving parts; (2)donotattempt to change a specimen while the drum is rotating; and(3) do not injure your hands on the sharp mace points whenplacing a specimen on the drum.8. Sampling8.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take a
45、t random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling unit.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitAs a laboratory samplingunit for acceptance testing, take a full width
46、swatch 1-m or1-yd long from the end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample,after first discarding the outermost layer of fabric. Whendrycleaning and laundering are to be performed, take addi-tional swatches for the laundering and drycleaning tests.8.3 SpecimensTest four specimens from each swatch
47、inthe laboratory sampling unit. When drycleaning and launderingtests are to be performed, test four additional specimens fordrycleaning and four additional specimens for laundering.9. Preparation of the Specimens9.1 When snagging resistance after laundering or dryclean-ing is to be evaluated, launde
48、r or dryclean the swatches asdirected in 9.1.1 or 9.1.2 before cutting the specimens.9.1.1 LaunderingLoad the washer with a 3.5-kg or 8-lbtotal load of swatches that comprise a homogeneous load (forexample, same manufacturer, same line, same finishing, andsame previous care) or a homogeneous group o
49、f swatches fortesting and a desized unsoftened group of ballast fabrics. Selectnormal cycle, warm water temperature, and the 1993 AATCCStandard Reference Detergent (see Terminology D 3136 andAATCC Test Method 135). Run one machine cycle and do notuse softener. Load the dryer with the washed fabrics. Selectnormal cycle, medium temperature, and run the dryer for 20min or until the fabrics are dry to the touch. Do not use softenerin the dryer. Do not overdry the fabrics (see Note 3).NOTE 3When agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier, otherlaundering and dryc
