1、Designation: D3939/D3939M 11 D3939/D3939M 13Standard Test Method forSnagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3939/D3939M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the snagging resistance of a fabric.1.2 Studies of fabric snagging have shown that this t
3、est method is suitable for a range of woven and knitted fabrics made fromtextured or untextured filament yarns or spun yarns or combinations of these yarns.2,3 This test method is not suitable for (1) openconstruction fabrics (such as a net) because the points on the mace will snag the felt pad rath
4、er than the specimen, (2) very heavyor very stiff fabrics that cannot be made to fit tightly on the drum and felt pad, and (3) tufted or nonwoven fabrics because theapparatus is designed for woven and knitted fabrics.1.3 If after using this test method it is found to be too severe for your fabrics,
5、an alternative method can be used, such as BS8479 Textiles: Method for Determination of the Propensity of Fabrics to Snagging and Related Surface Defects - Rotating ChamberMethod.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as the standard. The values state
6、d in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining valuesin any way. In case of referee decisions, the SI units will prevail.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with
7、its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D123 Terminolo
8、gy Relating to TextilesD1335 Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringsD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel FabricsD3136 Terminology Relating to Care Labeling for Apparel, Textile, Home Furnishing, and Leather Pro
9、ductsD4467 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method That Produces Non-Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn2010)5D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test MethodsD5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Bean Bag)2.2 AATCC Standards:665 Test Method for Sna
10、g Resistance of Womens Nylon Hosiery (see Note 1)135 Test Method for Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit FabricsNOTE 1In 1988, the AATCC voted to withdraw this test method from its technical manual; however, the ASTM task group on fabric snagging decidedit should be li
11、sted as an alternative for testing open construction fabrics.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods, General.Current edition approved March 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2013. Published March 2011
12、January 2013. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 asD3939 10.D3939 11. DOI: 10.1520/D3939-11.10.1520/D3939-13.2 Finnigan,J.A., “Laboratory Prediction of the Tendency of a Fabric to Snag During Wear,” Textile Institute and Industry, Vol 10 , No. 6, 1972, pp. 164167
13、.3 Leung, P., and Hershkowitz, R., “Snag- and Fuzz-Resistant Double Knits via Fabric Construction,” Textile Research Journal, Vol 45, No. 2, 1975, pp. 93102.4 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
14、ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.5 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.6 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle
15、Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.orgThis document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM reco
16、mmends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminolog
17、y3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: (color contrast, in textiles; distortion, in fabrics; protrusion, infabrics; snag, in fabrics; snagging resistance, in fabrics), refer to Terminology D4850.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Te
18、rminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A tubular specimen is placed on a cylindrical drum. Then a mace (spiked ball) bounces randomly against the rotatingspecimen. Snags are produced to a degree affected by a variety of factors. The degree of fabric snagging is then evaluated bycomparison of th
19、e tested specimens with visual standards that may be either fabrics or photographs of fabrics. The observedresistance to snagging is reported on a scale ranging from 5 (no or insignificant snagging) to 1 (very severe snagging).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is not considered satisfactor
20、y for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics because thebetween-laboratory precision of the test method is poor (see 15.1).5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparativetest should be performed to dete
21、rmine if there is a statistical significant difference between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the samelot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initi
22、al testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers toeach laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected
23、 or future testingfor that material must be adjusted in consideration of the statistically significant differences.5.2 This test method may be used for quality control testing of fabrics during manufacturing and product comparisons ofdifferent fabrics by manufacturers, retailers, and users. This tes
24、t method may also be used by researchers to examine the effect ofnew fibers, yarns, fabric constructions, and finishes on the snagging resistance of fabrics.5.3 This test method may be used to test the snagging resistance of most apparel and home furnishings fabrics. However, adifferent test method
25、may be needed for different types of fabrics and different end-uses (such as towels, pants, and upholstery)(see 5.3.1).5.3.1 Some fabrics that may not be suitable for this test method are described in 1.2. Many open construction fabrics can betested for snagging resistance using AATCC Test Method 65
26、. The snagging resistance of many pile floor coverings can be testedby Test Method D1335. Test Method D5362 (Bean Bag) may also be considered as an alternative for testing the snagging resistanceof fabrics. This test method does not apply to the ABC Snag Tester.5.4 Since fabric snagging can be affec
27、ted by laundering or drycleaning, it may be advisable to test the snagging resistance ofa fabric before and after laundering or drycleaning.5.5 The snagging resistance of a specific fabric varies with individual wearers and general conditions of use. Therefore, it canbe expected that garments of the
28、 same fabric will show a fairly wide snagging resistance spectrum after wear and much greatervariation in wear than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This factor should be considered whenadopting levels of acceptability for any specification that includes snaggi
29、ng resistance.5.6 Snags observed in worn garments vary appreciably in number and appearance. The appearance of a snag dependsparticularly on (1) the degree of color contrast between the snag and the surrounding area of the fabric or (2) the presence of longdistortions or long protrusions. These cond
30、itions are not evaluated when snagging is rated solely on the number of snags. SeeSection 13 for a description of color contrast, distortion, and protrusion as used in this test method; and see Figs. 1 through 3 inTest Method D5362 for pictures of fabric defects due to snagging. Because the overall
31、acceptability of a specific fabric is dependenton both the characteristics of the snags and other factors affecting fabric appearance, it is recommended that fabrics tested in thelaboratory be evaluated with regard to the defects that may be observed visually and not rated solely on the number of sn
32、agsdeveloped. A series of visual rating standards (see 6.2.4) may be set up to provide a basis for the ratings. The visual rating standardsare most advantageous when the tested laboratory specimens correlate closely in appearance with fabrics from a wear test, forexample, when tested laboratory spec
33、imens and fabrics from a wear test show similar color contrasts. In the preceding example,a series of fabrics from the wear test would be a good choice for the fabric standards described in 6.2.4.2.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 ICI Mace Snag Tester (see Fig. 1):6.1.1 Specimen Templates, 205 by 330 m
34、m 8 by 13 in. for weft knit fabrics and 205 by 320 mm 8 by 12.5 in. for wovenfabrics and warp knit fabrics.6.1.2 Felt Sleeves, wool or chief weight wool synthetic blend with thickness of 3.5 6 0.5 mm and weight of 1400 6 200 g/m2.6.1.3 Gage, for setting position of mace (calibration block).6.1.4 Rub
35、ber O-rings.D3939/D3939M 1326.2 Sewing Machine, with a sewing needle that is appropriate for the fabric being tested for snagging resistance, or6.2.1 Sharps Hand Sewing Needle.6.2.2 Sewing Thread, cotton, Tex ticket 35 to 50, or equivalent polyester and cotton.6.2.3 Standard Calibration Fabric, havi
36、ng an established snagging resistance rating that has been agreed upon by the purchaserand the supplier. (No standard calibration fabric has been specified by Subcommittee D13.59.)6.2.4 Visual Rating Standards:6.2.4.1 Photographic StandardsA series of photographs of tested specimens that show the de
37、grees of snagging, such as theImperial Chemical Industries (ICI) photographs;7 or6.2.4.2 Fabric StandardsA series of tested specimens or fabrics from a wear test that show the degrees of snagging (see 5.6and Note 2).NOTE 2Fabric standards should be stored and handled under conditions that will prese
38、rve their original form and appearance. Mount the fabricstandards using white poster board or plastic or metal framing.6.2.5 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation, for illumination and simultaneous viewing of specimens and visual rating standards:6.2.5.1 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation, (see Fig. 2),7 hav
39、ing a light source of sufficient brightness to illuminate snags on thesurface of a fabric.6.2.5.2 ICI Viewing Cabinet, (see Fig. 3),7 having a light source of sufficient brightness to illuminate snags on the surface ofa fabric.6.3 Optional Equipment:6.3.1 Steam Iron, weighted to 2.3 kg or 5 lb and a
40、n ironing board.6.3.2 Tumble Dryer, as described in AATCC Test Method 135.6.3.3 Washing Machine, as described in AATCC Test Method 135.6.3.4 Detergent, Heavy Duty Granule, the 1993 AATCC Standard Reference Detergent as described in AATCC Test Method135. When agreed upon by the purchaser and the supp
41、lier, a substitute detergent that does not include fabric softener or bleach maybe used.6.3.5 Equipment for Drycleaning Specimens, as described in Test Methods D2724.7. Hazards7.1 Locate the mace snag tester in a low-traffic area because of the danger from the exposed mace and rotating drum.7.2 Chec
42、k that all parts of the mace snag tester are secure and are in good working condition.7.3 Wear protective gloves when examining the points on the mace snag tester or removing fibers and yarns from the macepoints.7.4 Observe the following safety precautions when operating the tester: (1) do not wear
43、loose or dangling clothing that can getcaught in the mace points or moving parts; (2) do not attempt to change a specimen while the drum is rotating; and (3) do not injureyour hands on the sharp mace points when placing a specimen on the drum.7 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the
44、 committee at this time is SDL Atlas LLC, 1813A Associates Lane, Charlotte, NC 28217. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,Appa
45、ratus is commercially available.1 which you may attend.FIG. 1 ICI Mace TesterD3939/D3939M 1338. Sampling8.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an applicablematerial specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the
46、supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling unit.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm132 1 8 2030.7 18 812 2152 50 12 3054 100 15 380614 159 2114 5406516 160 37 940712 190 40 1020FIG. 2 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFIG. 3 ICI Viewing CabinetD3939/D3939M 1348.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitA
47、s a laboratory sampling unit for acceptance testing, take a full width swatch 1-m or 1-yd longfrom the end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first discarding the outermost layer of fabric. When drycleaning andlaundering are to be performed, take additional swatches for the laundering a
48、nd drycleaning tests.8.3 SpecimensTest four specimens from each swatch in the laboratory sampling unit. When drycleaning and laundering testsare to be performed, test four additional specimens for drycleaning and four additional specimens for laundering.9. Preparation of the Specimens9.1 When snaggi
49、ng resistance after laundering or drycleaning is to be evaluated, launder or dryclean the swatches as directedin 9.1.1 or 9.1.2 before cutting the specimens.9.1.1 LaunderingLoad the washer with a 3.5-kg or 8-lb total load of swatches that comprise a homogeneous load (forexample, same manufacturer, same line, same finishing, and same previous care) or a homogeneous group of swatches for testingand a desized unsoftened group of ballast fabrics. Select normal cycle, warm water temperature, and the 1993 AATCC StandardReference Detergent (see Terminology D31
