1、Designation: D3953 13Standard Specification forStrapping, Flat Steel and Seals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers flat steel strapping and sealsintended for u
3、se in closing, reinforcing, bundling articles forshipment, unitizing, palletizing, and bracing for carloading,truckloading, lifting, and lashing.1.2 This specification includes strapping and seals madefrom carbon steel and applies only to the types and sizes ascataloged by strapping suppliers to be
4、a standard, commer-cially available product. It does not include “specialty”-typestrapping as developed for special applications or strappingproduced from alloy metals.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.4 Performance characteristics may be negatively affectedby
5、 extremes of temperatures, such as occur during the anneal-ing of steel.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat applies only to thetest method portion, Sections 11, 12, and 13, of this specifica-tion: This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its us
6、e. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A90/A90M Test Method for Weight Mass of Coating onIron and Steel Articles with
7、Zinc or Zinc-Alloy CoatingsA109/A109M Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25Maximum Percent), Cold-RolledA239 Practice for Locating the Thinnest Spot in a Zinc(Galvanized) Coating on Iron or Steel Articles,B504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metal-lic Coatings by the Coulometric M
8、ethodD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Ma-terialsD6039/D6039M Specification for Open and Covere
9、d WoodCratesD6880 Specification for Wood BoxesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 Military Standard:3MIL-STD-105 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspec-tion by
10、Attributes2.3 AAR Rules:4AAR Open Top Loading Rules Manual, Section No. 1,General Rules for Loading All Commodities, Part 2, Rule17 and Section No. 7, Rules for LoadingAll Commoditieson Open Top Trailers and Containers for Rail Transport,Part 2, Rule 1173. Terminology3.1 General definitions for pack
11、aging and distribution envi-ronments are found in Terminology D996.4. Strapping Classifications4.1 Strapping shall be of the following types, finish andsizes:Type 1, Flat Strapping: Power Machine and Hand Applica-tion:Regular-dutyRegular-duty high-strength1This specification is under the jurisdictio
12、n of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizingand Unitizing of Loads.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. PublishedJune 2013. Originally ap-proved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D3953 12. DOI:10.1520/D3953-13.2For ref
13、erenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section
14、 D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4Available from the Association of American Railroads (AAR), Safety andOperations, 50 F St., NW, Washington, DC 200011564.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1He
15、avy-dutyUSLM (Unit Strap Lifting Method) (See Note 1.)NOTE 1For USLM applications, refer to manufacturers standardpractice.Type 2: Nail-On4.1.1 Strapping Finish, Lubricated or Dry (see 8.3):4.1.1.1 Finish AOrganic (Pigmented or UnpigmentedPaint)4.1.1.2 Finish BGalvanized (Hot Dipped or Electro-Depos
16、it Galvanized) (see 8.10):Grade 1Heavy CoatingGrade 2Moderate CoatingGrade 3Commercial Coating4.1.1.3 Finish COrganic Painted Metallic Filled (Alumi-num or Zinc)4.1.1.4 Finish DUncoated4.1.2 Strapping Sizes Strapping shall have the widths andthicknesses in accordance with sizes shown in Table 1, Tab
17、le 2,Table 3, and Table 4.5. Seal Classifications5.1 Seals shall be of the following classes, finishes, types,and styles:5.1.1 Seal Classes:RRegular dutyHHeavy duty5.1.2 Seal Finishes:Finish AOrganic (painted)Finish BGalvanized (hot dipped or electro-deposit galva-nized)Grade 1Heavy coatingGrade 2Mo
18、derate coatingGrade 3Manufacturers standard commercial practiceFinish COrganic Painted Metallic Filled (Aluminum orZinc)Finish DUncoated5.1.3 Seal Styles:ISnap-on or openIIThread-on or closedIIIPush-type or overlapIVMagazine-feedVIntersectional or cross-tie5.2 Seal SizesSeals shall have widths in ac
19、cordance withstrapping width shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table4.6. Ordering Information6.1 The inquiry and order shall indicate the following:6.1.1 Strapping type, duty, finish, grade, lubrication (whenapplicable), dimension required, and quantity of each size (seeSection 4).6.1.2 Coil o
20、f strapping dimensions, weight and feet perpound, oscillated, ribbon wound, or cut-to-length (see Section9, Table 5 and Table 6, and Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).6.1.3 Seals (see Section 5) class, finish, grade (whenapplicable), type, style, and quantity by width (or nomencla-ture).6.1.4 Make or model of stra
21、pping equipment that thestrapping and seals must work in, if applicable.6.1.5 Title, designation, and date of this specification.6.1.6 For Department of Defense, indicate selection ofpreservation, packing, marking, and palletization, if applicable(see Section 16).6.2 Sizes or physical properties, or
22、 both, other than thosecovered by this specification shall be as specified in thecontract or order.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 Materials shall be cold-rolled carbon steel of the qualitynormally used for this purpose in commercial practice, and thephysical mechanical property requirements, as det
23、ermined bytests, shall be within the allowable limits.7.1.1 Type 1 Regular-Duty Strapping Regular-duty strap-ping in Table 1 shall be low-carbon cold-rolled steel (see6.1.1).7.1.2 Type 1 Regular-Duty High-Strength StrappingRegular-duty high strength strapping in Table 2 shall be low tomedium carbon
24、cold-rolled steel.7.1.3 Type 1 Heavy-Duty Strapping Heavy-duty strappingin Table 3 shall be cold-rolled, high carbon, or medium carbonhigh-manganese steel which has been fully heat-treated; forexample, austenitized and quenched.TABLE 1 Type 1 Regular-Duty Strapping Widths, Thickness, and Breaking St
25、rengthsWidth, in.(mm)0.015 (0.38) 0.018 (0.46) 0.020 (0.51) 0.023 (0.58) 0.028 (0.71) 0.035 (0.89)38 450 540 600 690(9.52) (2000) (2400) (2670) (3070)12 600 720 800 920(12.70) (2670) (3200) (3560) (4090)58 750 900 1000 1150(15.87) (3335) (4000) (4450) (5115)34 900 1200 1380 1680 2100(19.05) (4000) (
26、5340) (6140) (7470) (9340)D3953 1327.1.4 Type I USLM StrappingUSLM strapping in Table 4shall be cold-rolled, high-carbon steel that has been fullyheat-treated, austenized, and quenched.7.1.5 Type 2 Nail-On StrappingUnless otherwisespecified, Type 2 nail-on strapping shall be strapping madefrom Type
27、1 regular-duty, regular-duty high-strength or Type 1heavy-duty strapping, available in sizes58 in. (15.87 mm) inwidth or greater with punched nail holes. Hole diameters andhole spacing can vary depending upon strap size and duty,which shall be in accordance with manufacturers standardpractice. Howev
28、er, nail holes shall be spaced at intervals nomore than 3 in. (76 mm) apart.7.1.6 Seals for Type 1 Strapping Unless otherwisespecified, seals for Type 1 strapping shall be made of steel inaccordance with the manufacturers commercial practice.8. Physical and Mechanical Properties8.1 Breaking Strength
29、 and Elongation, Type 1 Regular-Duty, Regular-Duty High-Strength, Heavy-Duty, and USLMStrapping :8.1.1 Breaking StrengthThe breaking strength of thestrapping shall be as shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, andTable 4 when tested as specified in 13.3.8.1.2 ElongationThe elongation in 6 in. (152 mm) f
30、orType 1 strapping, when tested as specified in 13.4, shall be asfollows:TABLE 2 Type 1 Regular Duty High-Strength Strapping Widths, Thickness and Break StrengthsWidth, in.(mm)Thickness, in. (mm)0.016 (0.41) 0.017 (0.43) 0.018 (0.46) 0.020 (0.51) 0.023 (0.58) 0.025 (0.64) 0.031 (0.79) 0.035 (0.89)Br
31、eaking Strength, min, lbf (N)38 640 750(9.52) (2849) (3366)12 800 850 900 1000 1150(12.70) (3559) (3781) (4003) (4448) (5115)58 1000 1050 1125 1250 1440(15.87) (4448) (4671) (5004) (5560) (6405)34 1200 1275 1350 1500 1725 1875 2325(19.05) (5339) (5671) (6005) (6672) (7673) (8340) (10342)114 3125 387
32、5 4375(31.75) (13901) (17237) (19461)TABLE 3 Type 1 Heavy-Duty Strapping Widths, Thickness, and Breaking StrengthsWidth,in. (mm)Thickness, in. (mm)0.020 (0.51) 0.022 (0.56) 0.023 (0.58) 0.025 (0.64) 0.028 (0.71) 0.029 (0.75) 0.031 (0.79) 0.035 (0.89) 0.040 (1.02) 0.044 (1.12) 0.050 (1.27)Breaking St
33、rength, min, lbf (N)12 1 280 1 470 1 950(12.70) (5 690) (6 540) (8 675)58 1 600 1 840(15.87) (7 120) (8 185)34 2 000 2 280 2 280 2 280 2 280 2 850 2 850 2 850 4 050(19.05) (8 896) (10 140) (10140) (10 140) (10 140) (12 675) (12 675) (12 675) (18 015)1 3 700 3 700(25.4) (16 455) (16 455)114 3 200 3 6
34、80 4 750 4 750 4 750A6 135 6 750 6 750(31.75) (14 240) (16 370) (21 130) (21 130) (21 130) (27.295) (30 025) (30 025)2 10 600 10 600(50.80) (47 150) (47 150)AHeavy-duty, or heavy-duty/high elongation.TABLE 4 Type 1 Extra-Heavy-Duty (USLM) Strapping Widths,Thickness, Breaking Strengths, and Minimum S
35、eal JointStrengthsWidth,in. (mm)Thickness,in. (mm)Min. BreakStrength, lb (N)Min. Seal JointStrength, lb (N)114 (31.75) 0.044 (1.12) 8500 (37 800) 7650 (34 000)114 (31.75) 0.050 (1.27) 9700 (43 150) 8730 (38 800)114 (31.75) 0.057 (1.45) 11 000 (48 430) 9900 (44 000)D3953 133TABLE 5 Number of Feet Per
36、 Pound (Metres per Kilogram) of Type 1 StrappingANOTE 1Number of feet per pound (metres per kilogram) is based on nominal dimensions and will vary slightly with the width and thickness of thestrapping within the tolerances as described in 8.2.Width, in.(mm)Thickness, in. (mm)0.010 0.012 0.015 0.018
37、0.020 0.022 0.023 0.025 0.028 0.029 0.031 0.035 0.040 0.044 0.050(0.25) (0.311) (0.38) (0.46) (0.51) (0.56) (0.58) (0.64) (0.71) (0.75) (0.79) (0.89) (1.02) (1.12) (1.27)Length per Unit Mass, ft/lb (m/kg), approximate38 78.5 65.4 52.4 43.6 39.3 34.1(9.52) (52.7) (43.9) (35.2) (29.3) (26.4) (22.9)12
38、58.9 49.1 39.3 32.7 29.4 25.6 19.0(12.70) (39.6) (33.0) (26.4) (22.0) (19.7) (17.2) (12.7)58 47.1 39.3 31.4 26.2 23.6 20.5(15.87) (31.6) (26.4) (21.1) (17.6) (15.8) (13.7)34 26.2 19.6 17.8 17.1 15.7 14.0 13.5 12.7 11.2(19.05) (17.6) (13.1) (11.9) (11.5) (10.5) (9.4) (8.95) (8.5) (7.5)1 10.1 9.5(25.4
39、) (6.7) (6.3)114 11.8 9.4 8.1 7.6 6.6 5.9 5.3 4.7(31.75) (7.9) (6.3) (5.5) (5.1) (4.4) (4.0) (3.5) (3.1)2 3.3 2.9(50.80) (2.2) (1.9)ACommercial tolerances apply.TABLE 6 Size of Coils and PackageType CoilsSize of Strapping,in. (mm)Inside Diameter,in (mm)(CommercialTolerance)OutsideDiameter,max,in. (m
40、m)Coils PerPackage,maxCoil FaceWidthCoilWeightOscillated38 by 0.015(9.52 by 0.38)through 16 (406) 2312 (597) 134 by 0.035(19.05 by 0.89)Ribbon34 by 0.022(19.05 by 0.56)through 16 (406) 27 (686) 134 by 0.035(19.05 by 0.89)Ribbon 1 by 0.029(25.4 by 0.75)through 16 (406) 27 (686) 11by0.031(25.4 by 0.79
41、)114 by 0.020(31.75 by 0.51)through 16 (406) 27 (686) 1114 by 0.057(31.75 by 1.45)2by0.044(50.80 by 1.12)through 16 (406) 2578 (657) 12by0.050(50.80 by 1.27)Jumbos38 by 0.015 (9.52 by0.38)16 (406) inaccordancewith1 3 in. to 16in.350 lb. to4000 lb.through manufacturers114 by 0.044 (31.75by 1.12)comme
42、rcialpracticeD3953 134Regular-duty (see 7.1.1) 0.5 to 4.0 %Regular-duty high-strength (see 7.1.2) 0.5 to 8.0 %Heavy-duty (see 7.1.3)Thickness less than 0.031 in. (0.79 mm) 5.0 to 12 %Thickness 0.031 in. (0.79 mm) and greater 6.5 to 12 %USLM Strapping (see 7.1.4) 6.0 to 12 %8.2 Tolerances, Type 1 Str
43、apping, WidthsThe widths ofthe strapping shall not vary from that shown in Table 1, Table2, and Table 3 by more than 60.005 in. (0.13 mm) for allcold-rolled strapping.FIG. 1 Recommended Seal JointsD3953 1358.2.1 Type 1 Strapping, Thickness The thickness of strap-ping sizes listed in Table 1, Table 2
44、, and Table 3 shall not varyfrom nominal thickness by more than +0.002 in. (0.05 mm),0.002 (0.05 mm) thickness, thickness of strapping sizes listedin Table 4 (USLM strapping) shall not vary by more than+0.004 in. (0.10 mm) and 0.000 in. (0.00 mm).8.3 Lubrication Unless otherwise specified, Type 1 st
45、rap-ping shall have a coating of wax or wax-like lubricant appliedto the surfaces that will render the strapping suitable forapplication with tension tools of the feed wheel (friction) type(see 4.1.2 and 6.1.4). The lubrication of the strapping isintended to facilitate the use of strapping tools in
46、which the twobands of the strapping are held in contact with each other underpressure by frictional grips, and sliding of the faces of thestrapping is necessary during the tensioning operation. Test inaccordance with 13.9.8.4 Type 1 Strapping, CoilsEach coil shall consist of onecontinuous piece of s
47、trapping. Coils with lengths of strappingwelded together shall be considered as one-piece coil.8.4.1 Dimensional Requirements at the WeldThe thick-ness at the weld shall be no more than one and one half thethickness of the strap. The width of strapping at the weld shallbe subject to the same dimensi
48、onal requirements as theremainder of the strapping and must be straight with no offsetsor angular alignment Metal splattering or extruded pointscausing increased thickness are not permissible. Only machinewelds shall be acceptable.8.4.2 Weld Effciency Strength of manufacturers processwelded joints i
49、n coils of strapping shall have a joint efficiencyof not less than 75 % based on the breaking strength shown inTable 1, Table 2, and Table 3 when tested as specified in 13.6.USLM strapping must not contain production welds.8.5 Identification MarkingEach coil of AAR approvedType 1 heavy-duty,12-in. (12.7-mm) wide by 0.020 in. (0.51mm) in thickness and greater strapping shall be marked inaccordance with the Association of American Railroads Gen-eral Rule 17 and Rule 117. Each coil of USLM strappi
