1、Designation: D4008 95 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forMeasuring Anti-Soil Deposition Properties of LaundryDetergents (Not Suitable for Detergent Ranking)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides guidelines for measuring theability of de
3、tergents to prevent the deposition of soils fromdetergent solutions onto fabrics. It is intended as a laboratoryscreening test to aid in the formulation of detergent products,for quality control, and as a basis between the purchaser andseller in standardizing specific products performance.1.2 The an
4、ti-soil deposition performance of detergent prod-ucts will vary greatly depending on the type of soils and fabricsused in the test. Therefore, selection of the soils, fabrics,reference detergents, and test conditions shall be made byagreement between the interested parties on the basis ofexperience.
5、1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are tobe regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
6、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material safety datasheets are available for reagents and materials. Review themfor hazards prior to usage.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 S
7、pecification for Reagent WaterD2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu-rally Soiled Fabrics and Household AppliancesE97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg, 0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band FilterReflectometryE313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiten
8、essIndices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 reflectance retentionthe change in reflectance be-tween clean fabric and the same fabric after laundering.3.1.2 soil depositionthe soiling of clean fabrics by soilthat has
9、been added to the wash bath rather than by soilremoved from another fabric.3.1.3 soil redepositionthe soiling of clean, or relativelyclean, fabrics during the laundering process by soil that hasbeen removed from another fabric.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Swatches of clean fabrics are washed, a mini
10、mum ofthree times, in solutions of the test detergent prepared tocontain known amounts of particulate and oily soils.4.1.1 Identical clean swatches are similarly exposed toprepared solutions of a suitable reference detergent containingan identical soil load. The ability of the test detergent topreve
11、nt soil deposition is estimated by comparing the reflec-tance retention of the swatches washed in the test detergent tothe reflectance retention of those washed in the referencedetergent.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test as now constituted is not suitable for ranking ofdetergent products, since no
12、 basis is available at this time forcorrelation of the anti-deposition performance of detergentsusing any particular combination of soils and fabrics withanti-redeposition performance during washing of naturallysoiled articles.5.2 A suggested procedure for comparing the performanceof any two laundry
13、 detergents or naturally soiled family itemsin home laundry equipment, under controlled conditions on apaired comparison basis, is described in Method D2960.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soapsand Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
14、 D12.15 onPhysical Testing.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4008 95(2003).DOI: 10.1520/D4008-95R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
15、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Laboratory WasherA laboratory
16、-scale, agitator-typewashing machine.36.2 Reflectometer, calibrated by means of standard vitreousenamel plaques having reflectances in the range of the fabric orswatch samples being measured.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless othe
17、rwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.4Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high pu
18、rity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent waterconforming to Specification D1193.7.3 Standard SoilsSoils suitable for deposition-type de-tergency tests are no
19、t commercially available, therefore, labo-ratory prepared soils must be used. For example, vacuumcleaner dirt, air conditioner filter dirt, and colored clay mate-rial, or mixtures of two or more of these can be used asparticulate soil. Triglyceride, fatty acid, paraffinic hydrocarbon,and fatty alcoh
20、ol are examples of oily soils that may be used.Mixtures of two or more of these oily soils or a mixture basedon the components of human sebum may also be used. The oilysoils may be added as emulsions or solvent solutions or theymay be added after first mixing with the particulate soil in asolvent so
21、lution and subsequent evaporation of the solvent.NOTE 1A1:1 mixture of vacuum cleaner dirt and Bandy Black clayhas been found suitable as a particulate soil. A suggested use level of thissoil is 0.5 g/1000 mL of wash solutions. The vacuum cleaner dirt can beobtained from domestic or office locations
22、. Before use, it is screenedthrough a 150-mesh (Tyler equivalent) screen to remove lint, trash, andcoarse particles.A1:1 mixture of triolein (technical) and mineral oil (Saybolt viscosity340 to 350) has also been found satisfactory. A suggested use level is0.100 g/1000 mL of wash solution.An artific
23、ial sebum composition has also been found suitable as an oilysoil. A useful formula for such a composition was reported by Spangler,W. G., Cross, H. D., and Schaafsma, B. R., Journal of the American OilChemists Society, Vol 42, 1965, p. 723. A suggested use level is 0.100g/1000 mL of wash solution.7
24、.3.1 The following procedure is a satisfactory method forconvenient addition of particulate and oily soils to the washbath: Thoroughly blend together 20 g of Bandy Black clay and20 g of vacuum cleaner dirt. Add this mixture to 150 mL ofmethylene chloride containing4goftriolein and4gofmineraloil. Whi
25、le constantly stirring this mixture, evaporate thesolvent under a heat lamp in a hood. The oily/particulate soil isgently ground in a mortar and pestle to disperse any lumps, thatmay have formed. Store the soil mixture at refrigeratortemperature until use. Recommended use level of this com-bined soi
26、l is 0.600 g/1000 mL of wash solution.7.4 Standard Clean Fabrics5Because different fabricshave different soiling characteristics depending on their surfacechemistry and morphology, it is recommended that severalfabric types be used. For example, cotton, nylon, polyester, andpolyester/cotton blends m
27、ay be used. These should be cut to 4by 412 in. in size with pinked, merrowed, or fused edges toprevent unraveling. Ten swatches of each fabric are used foreach test. Test each fabric type separately. Pay special attentionto the identification of finishes, for example durable-press,soil-release, etc.
28、NOTE 2A preliminary laundering of the fabric may be desired toremove any material that might interfere with the test.7.5 Reference DetergentA comparison detergent suitableto the fabric and conditions shall be included in each run.7.6 Hard-Water Stock SolutionPrepare a hard-water stocksolution by dis
29、solving 2.940 6 0.002 g of calcium chloridedihydrate (CaCl22H2O) and 2.033 6 0.002 g of magnesiumchloride hexahydrate (MgCl26H2O) in about 300 mL of water.Dilute to a volume of 1 L with additional water. This solutioncontains 3000 ppm hardness (expressed as calcium carbonate)with a Ca + Mg molar rat
30、io of 2:1. Other ratios may be used.7.7 Calcium/Magnesium Ratio (as CaCO3)It is suggestedthat this ratio be adjusted for different water hardnesses asfollows:Calcium/MagnesiumWater Hardness Range, ppm (gpg) Ratio0to60(0to3.5) 4:161 to 120 (3.6 to 7.0) 3:1121 and over (7.1 and over) 2:1These ratios a
31、re based on calculations derived from dataincluded in Public Water Supplies of 100 Largest Cities in theUnited States, by E. Becker and C. N. Durfor; U. S. Govern-ment Printing Office, 1964.8. Sampling8.1 Samples of the detergent to be tested and of thereference detergent shall be obtained from homo
32、geneous lotsand stored in nearly filled, airtight containers until tested.9. Reflectance Determinations9.1 Operate the reflectometer in accordance with the in-structions supplied with the instrument for 45, 0 luminousreflectance using a procedure that avoids fluorescence effects.Standardize the inst
33、rument with standard vitreous enamelplaques that have reflectances closest to the reflectances of theswatches being measured. Use sufficient layers of the fabricbeing read, so that addition of another layer of fabric does not3The Terg-o-tometer has been found satisfactory.4Reagent Chemicals, America
34、n Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary,
35、U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.5The sole source of supply of the Standard clean fabrics known to the committeeat this time is Testfabrics, Inc., P.O. Drawer 0, 200 Blackford Ave., Middlesex, NJ08846. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information
36、 toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D4008 95 (2009)2cause a change in the reflectance of the swatch being read.Make a sufficient number of reflectance readings on the cleanswat
37、ches to give the desired statistical level of significance.Repeat after the swatches have been washed and dried.Procedures used in making reflectance determinations shallconform to those of Test Method E97. Reflectance readingsmay be recorded in terms of Rd, L,orY. (See Test MethodE313, Appendix A1.
38、)10. Procedure10.1 Operate the washer at a suitable fixed speed (90cycles/min is suggested). Maintain the water bath at a tempera-ture suitable to the fabric, detergent, and conditions of the test.Prepare duplicate solutions of the test product and the referencedetergent in 1000 mL of water at the d
39、esired concentration,temperature, and water hardness. It is recommended thatconcentrations of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25 %, temperatures of70, 100, and 130F (21, 38, and 54C), and water hardnesses of35, 150, and 300 ppm be included. Transfer the solutions to thebuckets of the washer. Add to each bucke
40、t the selected soils,start the wash agitator, and agitate the solution for 2 min tofully disperse the soil. Without stopping the agitation, add theselected fabrics and wash for 10 min. Then remove theswatches, squeeze them by hand, and transfer to a bucketcontaining 1000 mL of water of the same hard
41、ness at the sametemperature and rinse 3 min. Then damp dry the swatchesbetween clean toweling and air dry. Repeat the above tests atleast two more times using the same swatches. Determine thereflectance of the washed and dried swatches.NOTE 3In any test program a water hardness of 150 ppm should bei
42、ncluded, since approximately 80 % of the familes in the U.S. have thislevel of hardness, or below. It should also be noted that while natural soilsadd hardness to the wash bath, artificial soils may not, therefore a hardnessof 75 ppm may be more realistic for the lower hardness level.NOTE 4To avoid
43、discoloration, change in structure of the swatchsurfaces, or both, do not use direct heat or pressure from an instrumentsuch as a photographic print dryer, hand iron, automatic ironer, or tumbledryer.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the percent reflectance retention as follows:Reflectance retention, %
44、5 Cw/Co! 3 100 (1)where:Cw= average reflectance of the test swatches after wash-ing, andCo= average reflectance of the test swatches before wash-ing.11.2 Calculate the reflectance retention of the test detergentas the percent of the reference detergent as follows:percent of reference 5RRtestRRref3 1
45、00 (2)where:RRtest= percent reflectance retention of the test detergent,andRRref= percent reflectance retention of the reference de-tergent.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Because of the variability of soils and fabrics used inthis test, it does not have the precision or reproducibility of ananalytical d
46、etermination.12.2 Adequate reproducibility is possible if soils, fabrics,and reference detergent are not varied and reflectance retentionof the test detergent is reported as percent of the referencedetergent.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted i
47、n connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the r
48、esponsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive car
49、eful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or servi
