1、Designation: D 4020 05Standard Specification forUltra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Molding andExtrusion Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4020; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification provide
3、s for the identification ofvirgin, unmodified homopolymer ultra-high-molecular-weightpolyethylene (UHMW-PE) plastics molding and extrusionmaterials. This identification is made in such a manner that theseller and purchaser can agree on the acceptability of differentcommercial lots or shipments.1.2 I
4、t is not intended to differentiate between variousmolecular weight grades of ultra-high-molecular-weight poly-ethylene commercially available.1.3 It is not the function of this specification to providespecific engineering data for design purposes.1.4 Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylenes, as def
5、inedin this specification, are those linear polymers of ethylenewhich have a relative viscosity of 1.44 or greater, in accor-dance with the test procedures described herein.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.
6、6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portion. Section 7, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety an
7、d healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.NOTE 1There is no ISO equivalent specification. However, inISO 11542-1, a range of viscosity numbers defines the viscosity ofUHMW-PE grades. The viscosity numbers are determined in accordancewith ISO 1628-3.2.
8、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1601 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Eth-ylene PolymersD 1898 Practice for Sampling Plastics32.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 11542-1 PlasticsUltra High Molecular-Weight Poly-ethylene (PE-UHMW) Moulding and ExtrusionM
9、aterialsPart 1: Designation System and Basis forSpecificationISO 1628-3 PlasticsDetermination of Viscosity Numberand Limiting Viscosity NumberPart 3: Polyethylenesand Polypropylenes3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this specifica-tion are in accordance with Terminology D 883.
10、3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene moldingand extrusion materialsas defined by this specification, thosesubstantially linear polyethylenes which have a relative viscos-ity of 1.44 or greater, at a concentration of 0.02 %, at 135C, indeca
11、hydronaphthalene.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIt has been common practice to refer tothe “molecular weight” of UHMW-PE resins. The followingcalculations shall be used to approximate the specific viscosity(hsp), reduced viscosity (hred or R.S.V.), intrinsic viscosity (hor I.V.), and the approximate viscosity av
12、erage molecular1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on ThermoplasticMaterials.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20
13、01 as D 4020 - 01a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American Nation
14、al Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.weight of virgin resin. The solution viscos
15、ity test on thermallyprocessed material is invalid due to inadequate solubility andpossible crosslinking.Relative viscosity 5hr5Sts2ktsD/Sto2ktoD(1)Specific viscosity 5hsp5hr2 1Reduced viscosity 5hred5hspCIntrinsic viscosity = h=(2hsp2lnhrel)1/24 climiting viscosity number at 0 % concentrationNomina
16、l viscosity molecular weight = 5.37 3 104h1.37where:k = kinetic energy correction constant for the particularviscometer used,ts= flow time of solution at 135C, s,to= flow time of pure solvent at 135C, s, andC = concentration.NOTE 2There are other equations being used in industry to calculatethe visc
17、osity average molecular weights. Refer to Appendix X4 for theother equations and their relationship to the viscosity average molecularweight equation in 3.2.1.1. The equation in 3.2.1.1 is the only equationthat shall be used for reporting of viscosity average molecular weight.4. Classification4.1 It
18、 is recognized that dilute solution viscosity measure-ments can only be made on virgin resin. Therefore, thefollowing test and limits shall be used to determine theproperties of virgin polymer only.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 The molding and extrusion material shall be UHMWpolyethylene in the fo
19、rm of powder, granules, or pellets.5.2 The molding and extrusion materials shall be as uniformin composition and size and as free of contamination as can beachieved by good manufacturing practice. If necessary, thelevel of contamination may be agreed upon between the sellerand the purchaser.5.3 Unle
20、ss controlled by requirements specified elsewherein this specification, the color and translucence of molded orextruded pieces, formed under conditions recommended by themanufacturer of the material, will be comparable withincommercial match tolerances to the color and translucence ofstandard molded
21、 or extruded samples of the same thicknesssupplied in advance by the manufacturer of the material.6. Sampling6.1 A batch or lot shall be considered as a unit of manufac-ture and may consist of a blend of two or more production runsof the same material.6.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the sel
22、ler and thepurchaser, the material shall be sampled in accordance with theprocedure described in the general and specific samplingprocedures of Practice D 1898. Adequate statistical samplingprior to packaging shall be considered an acceptable alterna-tive.7. Test Method7.1 Dilute Solution ViscosityU
23、se Test Method D 1601,asmodified in Annex A1.8. Keywords8.1 extrusion materials; molding materials; plastics; poly-ethylene; ultra-high-molecular-weight; UHMW-PE; viscosityANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DILUTE SOLUTION VISCOSITYA1.1 General DescriptionA1.1.1 The test sequence consists of dissolving
24、 UHMW-PEin decahydronaphthalene (0.02 g/100 mL) at 150C and thenmeasuring the relative viscosity at 135C in an Ubbelohde No.1 viscometer. The relative solution viscosity may be calculatedfrom these experimental data.A1.2 ApparatusA1.2.1 Analytical Balance.A1.2.2 Microscope Slide Cover Slip.A1.2.3 Ho
25、t Plate, with magnetic stirrer.A1.2.4 Erlenmeyer Flask, 250-mL, with glass stopper.A1.2.5 Vacuum Drying Oven.A1.2.6 Vacuum Aspirator.A1.2.7 Viscometer, Ubbelohde No. 1.A1.2.8 Constant-Temperature Bath, 135 6 0.1C, with a305-mm diameter by 460 mm (12 by 18-in.) tall glass jar as acontainer, and havin
26、g a suitable support for the viscometer.A1.2.9 Buret, 100-mL capacity, 0.1-mL subdivisions.A1.2.10 Stopwatch, 0.2-s reading.A1.2.11 Still, for decahydronaphthalene.A1.2.12 Glass Funnel, with heating mantle.A1.3 ReagentsA1.3.1 Decahydronaphthalene, freshly distilled.A1.3.2 Tetrakismethylene 3-(38,58-
27、di-tert-butyl-48-hydroxyphenyl) propi-onate methane.5A1.3.3 Xylene, industrial-grade.5The sole source of supply of the antioxidant (Irganoxt 1010) known to thecommittee at this time is Ciba-Geigy, Ardsley, NY. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Internat
28、ional Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.D4020052A1.3.4 Sulfuric Acid-Potassium Dichromate CleaningSolutionTo 35 mL of a saturated solution of potassiumdichromate (K2Cr2O7), carefully add 1 L of conce
29、ntratedsulfuric acid (H2SO4).A1.3.5 Acetone, reagent grade.A1.4 ProcedureA1.4.1 Decahydronaphthalene PreparationDistill in ac-cordance with Test Method D 1601 and add 0.2 % tetrakismethylene 3-(38,58-di-tert-butyl-48-hydroxyphenyl) propi-onate methane.A1.4.2 Cleaning the ViscometerClean the viscomet
30、erthoroughly with the cleaning solution, wash several times withdistilled water, rinse with acetone, and purge with dry nitrogen.A1.4.3 Solution PreparationDry the UHMW-PE in avacuum oven for2hat60C. Weigh 14 to 17 mg of the dryUHMW-PE onto a slide cover slip. Use the buret to transfer thedecahydron
31、aphthalene at room temperature into the Erlenm-eyer flask, measuring, in millilitres, a volume equal to 4.5 timesthe UHMW-PE weight in milligrams, for example, 15 mg ofUHMW-PE and 67.5 mL of decahydronaphthalene. Heat thedecahydronaphthalene, with stirring, to 150C, and drop in theUHMW-PE and its sl
32、ide cover slip. Continue stirring at 150Cfor 1 h, with the flask lightly stoppered.A1.4.4 Viscosity Measurement:A1.4.4.1 Place the clean viscometer into the constant-temperature bath, fill with decahydronaphthalene, and allowthe viscometer and solvent to come to thermal equilibrium at135 6 0.1C. Det
33、ermine the viscosity of the solvent. Removethe decahydronaphthalene with vacuum and wash the viscom-eter with 200 mLof warm (110 to 120C) xylene. Remove withvacuum and aspirate dry air or nitrogen to dry the viscometer(2 or 3 min). It is essential that the whole viscometer be dry.A1.4.4.2 Meanwhile,
34、 place the flask of polymer solutioninto the 135C bath and allow it to equilibrate. Transfersufficient solution to fill the viscometer to the mark (see NoteA1.1) and determine the viscosity of the solution.A1.4.4.3 Between uses, clean the viscometer as described inA1.4.2. Prolonged waits between use
35、s (overnight, etc.) willrequire the use of the H2SO4K2Cr2O7cleaning solution.NOTE A1.1Filling of the viscometer is made easier by the use of aglass funnel warmed with a heating mantle. This helps to prevent theUHMW-PE from precipitating.A1.5 CalculationA1.5.1 Calculate the relative solution viscosit
36、y as follows:hr5StsktsDStoktoD(A1.1)where:k = kinetic energy correction constant for the particularviscometer used,ts= flow time of solution at 135C, andto= flow time of pure solvent at 135C.APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. IMPACT TEST METHOD FOR ULTRA-HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENEX1.1 S
37、copeX1.1.1 This test method covers determination of the impactstrength of UHMW-PE, which is extremely impact resistant.When tested in accordance with Test Method D 256, MethodA, UHMW-PE generally gives the NBF type of failure,rendering the test result invalid. This test method specifies thesame type
38、 of pendulum impact test machine as that given inTest Method D 256 but introduces a much higher degree ofstress concentration into the specimen by double notching witha razor blade. Application of this test method shall be limitedto the characterization of virgin, unmodified UHMW-PE res-ins, not com
39、mercially processed products. It is advised that theuser be familiar with Test Method D 256 before attempting touse this test method.X1.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.X1.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
40、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE X1.1There is currently no ISO standard that duplicates this testmethod. The impact strength of UHMW-PE
41、is measured by a double-notched Charpy impact test in the pending ISO/CD 11542-2.X1.2 Referenced DocumentsX1.2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of PlasticsX1.2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 180-1982 (E) Determination of Izod Impact Strength ofRigid Mater
42、ialsISO/CD 11542-2 PlasticsUltra-High Molecular WeightPolyethylene (PE-UHMW) Moulding and ExtrusionMaterialsPart 2: Preparation of Test Specimens andDetermination of PropertiesX1.3 ApparatusX1.3.1 The Izod-type impact machine that conforms to therequirements of Test Method D 256, including the calib
43、rationand checking methods, shall be used.X1.4 Test SpecimenX1.4.1 The geometry and dimensions of the specimen aregiven in Fig. X1.1.D4020053X1.4.2 The specimens shall be cut from a sheet compressionmolded under the following conditions:Molding pressure 6.9 to 10.3 MPaPlaten temperature 196 to 210CH
44、eating time 20 min at 196 to 210CPlaten cooling rate 15 6 2C/min from 150 to 90CPlaten temperature for demolding 60 by 60 by 1 Frequency 100 Hz and 1 MHz(compensate for electrode edgeeffect)Dissipation factor IEC 250 60 by 60 by 1 Frequency 100 Hz and 1 MHz(compensate for electrode edgeeffect)Volume
45、 resistivity IEC 93 60 by 60 by 1 V-m Voltage 100 VSurface resistivity IEC 93 60 by 60 by 1 V Voltage 100 VDielectric (Electrical) Strength IEC 243-1 60 by 60 by 160 by 60 by 3KV/mm Use 25 mm/75 mm coaxial-cylinderelectrode configuration. Immerse inIEC 296 transformer oil. Use shorttime (rapid rise)
46、 testComparative Tracking Index (CTI) IEC 112 15 by 15 by 4 Use solution AMiscellaneous PropertiesDensity Test Methods D 792, ISO 1183 50 by 12.7 by 6.35 (ASTM)10 by 10 by 4 (ISO)g/cm3Density by displacementBulk Density Test Methods D 1895 Granules or powder g/cm3Pourability Test Methods D 1895 Gran
47、ules or powder S Method A, tap funnel to start flowAngle of Repose Test Method C 1444 Granules or powder Angle indegreesCoefficient of Friction Test Method D 1894, ISO 8295 63.5 by 63.5 by 6.35 UHMW-PE against metalWater Absorption ISO 62 50 by 50 by 3 or 50 dia. by 3disc% 24 h immersionYellowness I
48、ndex Practice E 313 50 by 50 by 6.35 2 degree observer, Illuminant C,specular included, UV included,hemispherical configurationD40200512SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue,D 4020 - 01a, that may impact the use of this
49、standard. (June 1, 2005)(1) Added the word “homopolymer” to subsection 1.1.Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue,D 4020 - 01, that may impact the use of this standard. (November 10, 2001)(1) Added Appendix X3.(2) Referenced documents updated to account for all testmethods specified in Appendix X5.(3) Added 6.3 Pourability and 6.4 Angle of Repose to TableX5.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item m
