1、Designation: D4020 18Standard Specification forUltra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Molding andExtrusion Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4020; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification provi
3、des for the identification ofvirgin, natural color, unmodified homopolymer ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) plastics moldingand extrusion materials. This identification is made in such amanner that the seller and purchaser can agree on the accept-ability of different commercial lots
4、 or shipments.1.2 This specification also provides guidance for the char-acterization of UHMWPE materials based on variousmechanical, thermal, electrical, and other analyses.1.3 It is not intended to differentiate between variousmolecular weight grades of ultra-high-molecular-weight poly-ethylene co
5、mmercially available.1.4 It is not the function of this specification to providespecific engineering data for design purposes.1.5 Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylenes, as definedin this specification, are those linear polymers of ethylenewhich have a relative viscosity of 1.44 or greater, in ac
6、cor-dance with the test procedures described herein.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portions in Section 7 and the Annex andAppendixes, o
7、f this specification: This standard does notpurport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associatedwith its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standardto establish appropriate safety, health, and environmentalpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tio
8、ns prior to use.NOTE 1This standard and ISO 11542-1 address the same subjectmatter, but differ in technical content. ISO 11542-1 provides a classifica-tion system based on various characteristics and a range of viscositynumbers determined in accordance with ISO 1628-3.1.8 This international standard
9、 was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Refer
10、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1601 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Ethyl-ene Polymers2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 11542-1 PlasticsUltra High Molecular-Weight Poly-ethylene (PE-UHMW) Moulding and ExtrusionMaterialsPart 1: Designation System and Basis
11、forSpecificationISO 1628-3 PlasticsDetermination of Viscosity Numberand Limiting Viscosity NumberPart 3: Polyethylenesand Polypropylenes3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this specifica-tion are in accordance with Terminology D883.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stan
12、dard:3.2.1 ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene moldingand extrusion materialsas defined by this specification, thosesubstantially linear polyethylenes which have a relative viscos-ity of 1.44 or greater, at a concentration of 0.02 %, at 135C, indecahydronaphthalene.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIt has been
13、 common practice to refer tothe “molecular weight” of UHMWPE resins. The followingcalculations shall be used to approximate the specific viscosity1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on ThermoplasticMat
14、erials.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4020 - 11. DOI:10.1520/D4020-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
15、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this stand
16、ardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of In
17、ternational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1(sp), reduced viscosity (red or R.S.V.), intrinsic viscosity (or I.V.), and the approximate nominal viscosity average mo-lecular weight of virgin resin. The calculati
18、ons are shown asfollows:Relative viscosity 5 r5Sts2ktsD/Sto2ktoD(1)Specific viscosity 5 sp5 r2 1Reduced viscosity 5 red5spCThe intrinsic viscosity is calculated by determining thereduced viscosity and extrapolating to infinite dilution, thatis, 0 % concentration.Intrinsic Viscosity5fg5s2sp22hlnhrel1
19、2dCNominal Viscosity Molecular Weight55.373104fg1.37where:k = kinetic energy correction constant for the particularviscometer used,ts= flow time of solution at 135C, s,to= flow time of pure solvent at 135C, s, andC = concentration, %.NOTE 2There are other equations being used in industry to calculat
20、ethe nominal viscosity average molecular weights. Refer to Appendix X2for the other equations and their relationship to the nominal viscosityaverage molecular weight equation in 3.2.1.1. The equation in 3.2.1.1 isthe only equation that shall be used for reporting of nominal viscosityaverage molecula
21、r weight.NOTE 3Use of the solution viscosity test on thermally processedmaterial is invalid due to inadequate solubility and possible crosslinking4. Classification4.1 It is recognized that dilute solution viscosity measure-ments can only be made on virgin resin. Therefore, thefollowing test and limi
22、ts shall be used to determine theproperties of virgin polymer only.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 The molding and extrusion material shall be UHMWPEpolyethylene in the form of powder or granules.5.2 The molding and extrusion materials shall be as uniformin composition and size and as free of contam
23、ination as can beachieved by good manufacturing practice. If necessary, thelevel of contamination shall be agreed upon between the sellerand the purchaser.5.3 Unless controlled by requirements specified elsewherein this specification, the color and translucence of molded orextruded pieces, formed un
24、der conditions recommended by themanufacturer of the material, will be comparable withincommercial match tolerances to the color and translucence ofstandard molded or extruded samples of the same thicknesssupplied in advance by the manufacturer of the material.5.4 Additional test methods and conditi
25、ons that are com-monly used to characterize UHMWPE are listed in Table X4.1.5.4.1 Refer to Annex A2 for requirements regarding speci-men preparation, dimensions, and conditioning requirementsfor these tests.6. Sampling6.1 A batch or lot shall be considered as a unit of manufac-ture and can consist o
26、f a blend of two or more production runsof the same material.6.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the seller and thepurchaser, prior to packaging, the material shall be sampledbased on adequate statistical sampling.7. Test Method7.1 Dilute Solution ViscosityUse Test Method D1601,asmodified in An
27、nex A1.8. Keywords8.1 extrusion materials; molding materials; plastics; poly-ethylene; ultra-high-molecular-weight; UHMWPE; viscosityANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. DILUTE SOLUTION VISCOSITYA1.1 General DescriptionA1.1.1 The test sequence consists of dissolving UHMWPEin decahydronaphthalene (0.02
28、g/100 mL) at 150C and thenmeasuring the relative viscosity at 135C in an Ubbelohde No.1 viscometer. It is possible to calculate the relative solutionviscosity from these experimental data.A1.2. ApparatusA1.2.1 Analytical Balance.A1.2.2 Microscope Slide Cover Slip.A1.2.3 Hot Plate, with magnetic stir
29、rer.A1.2.4 Erlenmeyer Flask, 250-mL, with glass stopper.A1.2.5 Vacuum Drying Oven.A1.2.6 Vacuum Aspirator.A1.2.7 Viscometer, Ubbelohde No. 1.A1.2.8 Constant-Temperature Bath, 135 6 0.1C, with a305-mm diameter by 460 mm (12 by 18-in.) tall glass jar as acontainer, and having a suitable support for th
30、e viscometer.A1.2.9 Buret, 100-mL capacity, 0.1-mL subdivisions.A1.2.10 Stopwatch, 0.2-s reading.D4020 182A1.2.11 Still, for decahydronaphthalene.A1.2.12 Glass Funnel, with heating mantle.A1.3. ReagentsA1.3.1 Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin), freshly distilled.A1.3.2 Tetrakis methylene 3-(3,5-di-tert-
31、butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate methane (CAS No. 668-19-8).NOTE A1.1This may also be referred to as Tetrakis-(methylene-(3,5-di-(tert)-butyl-4-hydrocinnamate)methaneA1.4. ProcedureA1.4.1 Stabilized Decahydronaphthalene PreparationDistill in accordance with Test Method D1601 and add 0.2 %tetrakis m
32、ethylene 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate methane.A1.4.2 Cleaning the ViscometerEmpty the viscometerthoroughly by vacuum and completely refill the viscometerwith distilled, filtered, non-stabilized decahydronaphthalene.Place the viscometer into the 135C hot oil constant tempera-ture b
33、ath for at least 15-20 min. Completely drain the viscom-eter and dry with dry air or nitrogen just prior to the nextmeasurement in order to prevent dilution and an erroneousmeasurement result.A1.4.3 Solution PreparationDry the UHMWPE in avacuum oven for2hat60C. Weigh 14 to 17 mg of the dryUHMWPE ont
34、o a slide cover slip. Use the buret to transfer thestabilized decahydronaphthalene at room temperature into theErlenmeyer flask, measuring, in milliliters, a volume equal to4.5 times the UHMWPE weight in milligrams, for example, 15mg of UHMWPE and 67.5 mL of decahydronaphthalene. Heatthe decahydrona
35、phthalene, with stirring, to 150C, and drop inthe UHMWPE and its slide cover slip. Continue stirring at150C for 1 h, with the flask lightly stoppered.A1.4.4 Viscosity Measurement:A1.4.4.1 Place the clean viscometer into the constant-temperature bath, fill with stabilized decahydronaphthalene,and all
36、ow the viscometer and solvent to come to thermalequilibrium at 135 6 0.1C. Determine the viscosity of thesolvent. Clean the viscometer as directed in A1.4.2.Itisessential that the whole viscometer be dry.A1.4.4.2 Meanwhile, place the flask of polymer solutioninto the 135C bath and allow it to equili
37、brate. Transfersufficient solution to fill the viscometer to the mark (see NoteA1.2) and determine the viscosity of the solution.A1.4.4.3 Between uses, clean the viscometer as described inA1.4.2. Prolonged waits between uses (overnight, etc.) willrequire the use of the H2SO4K2Cr2O7cleaning solution.
38、NOTE A1.2Filling of the viscometer is made easier by the use of aglass funnel warmed with a heating mantle. This helps to prevent theUHMWPE from precipitating.A1.5. CalculationA1.5.1 Calculate the relative solution viscosity as follows:r5 ts2 k/ts!/to2 k/to! (A1.1)where:k = kinetic energy correction
39、 constant for the particularviscometer used,ts= flow time of solution at 135C, andto= flow time of pure solvent at 135C.A2. TEST SPECIMEN PREPARATION, DIMENSIONS, AND CONDITIONING REQUIREMENTSA2.1 Test SpecimensA2.1.1 Test specimen sheets shall be prepared from powderor granules and molded in accord
40、ance with the followingconditions.Molding pressure 6.9 to 10.3 MPaPlaten temperature 196 to 210CHeating time 20 min at 196 to 210CPlaten cooling rate 15 2C/min from 150 to 90CBelow 90C Maintain pressure and cool as quicklyas possible to 60 by 60 by 1 Frequency 100 Hz and 1 MHz (com-pensate for elect
41、rode edge effect)Dissipation factor IEC 250 60 by 60 by 1 Frequency 100 Hz and 1 MHz (com-pensate for electrode edge effect)Volume resistivity IEC 93 60 by 60 by 1 -m Voltage 100 VSurface resistivity IEC 93 60 by 60 by 1 Voltage 100 VDielectric (Electrical) Strength IEC 243-1 60 by 60 by 160 by 60 b
42、y 3KV/mm Use 25 mm/75 mm coaxial-cylinderelectrode configuration. Immerse inIEC 296 transformer oil. Use shorttime (rapid rise) testComparative Tracking Index (CTI) IEC 112 15 by 15 by 4 Use solution AMiscellaneous PropertiesDensity Test Methods D792, ISO 1183 50 by 12.7 by 6.35 (ASTM)10 by 10 by 4
43、(ISO)g/cm3Density by displacementBulk Density Test Methods D1895 Granules or powder g/cm3Pourability Test Methods D1895 Granules or powder S Method A, tap funnel to start flowAngle of Repose Test Method C1444 Granules or powder Angle indegreesCoefficient of Friction Test Method D1894, ISO 8295 63.5
44、by 63.5 by 6.35 UHMWPE against metalWater Absorption ISO 62 50 by 50 by 3 or 50 dia. by 3disc% 24 h immersionYellowness Index Practice E313 50 by 50 by 6.35 2 degree observer, Illuminant C,specular included, UV included,hemispherical configurationD4020 1813X4.1. Referenced DocumentsX4.1.1 ASTM Stand
45、ards:2C1444 Test Method for Measuring the Angle of Repose ofFree-Flowing Mold Powders (Withdrawn 2005)5D256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of PlasticsD635 Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent andTime of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal PositionD638 Test M
46、ethod for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of PlasticsUnder Flexural Load in the Edgewise PositionD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-alsD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific G
47、ravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD1895 Test Methods for Apparent Density, Bulk Factor, andPourability of Plastic MaterialsD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD2951 Te
48、st Method for Resistance of Types III and IVPolyethylene Plastics to Thermal Stress-Cracking (With-drawn 2006)5E313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and WhitenessIndices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesX4.1.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 62 PlasticsDetermination of Water AbsorptionISO 527-1 D
49、etermination of tensile Properties, Part 1 Gen-eral PrinciplesISO 868 Plastics and Ebonite-Determination of IndentionHardness by Means of a Durometer (Shore Hardness)ISO 1183 A PlasticsMethods for Determining the Densityand Relative Density of Non-cellular PlasticsISO 1628-3 PlasticsDetermination of Viscosity Numberand Limiting Viscosity NumberPart 3: Polyethylenesand PolypropylenesISO 3146 PlasticsDetermination of Melting Behavior(Melting Temperature or Melting Range) of Semicrystal-line PolymersISO 8295 Pl
