1、Designation: D 4131 84 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forSampling Fish with Rotenone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4131; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers determination of the quantitativeand qualitative species composition of fish in a specified area.The successful use of
3、 this technique is dependent on: (1)preventing fish from escaping the sample area and (2) retriev-ing all affected fish, which may take up to three days.1.2 Advantages:1.2.1 Easily detoxified.1.2.2 All native freshwater fish are susceptible, but it haslow toxicity to mammals and birds.1.2.3 At low c
4、oncentrations fish toxicity depends on spe-cies, age, and size.1.2.4 The suffocating action is reversible.1.3 Limitations:1.3.1 It is less effective in cold (below 20C) and highlyalkaline water.1.3.2 Smaller fish and those without air bladders usually donot float.1.3.3 Completely random selection of
5、 sample areas is notpossible.1.3.4 Overkill beyond sample area can sometimes occur.1.3.5 Food web organisms may be eliminated.1.4 Applicationsthis practice is useful in both short- andlong-term studies for management and impact assessmentpurposes. It is adaptable to both lotic and lentic situations
6、inlittoral and limnetic areas.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
7、user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specifichazards, see Section 6.2. Referenced Document2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3. Summary of Practice3.1 The sample
8、 area is blocked off with a small mesh net(s)and the volume of water to be treated is calculated. Therequired quantity of rotenone is diluted and distributedthroughout the water column in the sample area.All fish shouldbe affected and they should be collected for processing (1).34. Apparatus4.1 Vess
9、els, for measuring and mixing rotenone and forcollecting fish.4.2 Chemical Applicator, for boat use.4.2.1 Venturi Siphon or Automatic Boat Bailer that attachesto outboard motors cavatation plate.4.2.2 Gasoline-Powered Pump and Weighted PerforatedHose.4.3 Block-Off Net(s)14-in. (6.4-mm) bar mesh for
10、lake-reservoir and small stream use or34 to 1-in. (19 to 25 mm) barmesh for larger streams).4.4 Dip nets, for collecting fish.4.5 Flat-Bottom Boats, 12 to 14-ft or larger.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended th
11、atall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.01 on Aquatic Asses
12、sment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Mar. 1, 2004. Published June 1984. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition addition approved in 1999 as D413184(1999)e12For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
13、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thispractice.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
14、9, United States.such specifications are available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.5.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be
15、 understood to mean Type II reagent waterconforming to Specification D 1193.5.3 Rotenone, emulsion with 5 % active ingredient (2).5.4 Potassium Permanganate Crystals, any size.6. Hazards6.1 Avoid skin-eye contact and ingestion.7. Procedures7.1 In lakes and reservoirs, fish samples can be obtained if
16、the block-off net is long and deep enough.7.1.1 Four to six people and two boats are usually requiredto conduct a 1-acre (4,046 m2) survey. The selected samplearea is first secured and delimited with the block-off net(s).Verify that the nets are securely on the bottom with SCUBAdivers or if shallow
17、by walking along the net. The volume ofwater to be treated is calculated from the net perimeter and theaverage of several depth readings through the area.7.1.2 The target concentration of rotenone in the samplearea is _ oz (0.5 to 2.0 mg/L) depending on water conditionsand whether a partial or compl
18、ete kill is required (0.5 to 2 gal(1.89 to 7.57 L) 5 % liquid per 3 acre-ft will give thisconcentration). Mix the required amount of rotenone in a tuband dilute it with enough water to disperse uniformly over thesample area.7.1.3 Applied first along the block-off net(s) by pumpingthrough a weighted
19、perforated hose or by a venturi siphonattached to the outboard motor. The remainder of the cove istreated in a zigzag pattern. In shallow waters it can be pouredinto the prop wash.7.1.4 When fish start to surface, collect fish as quickly aspossible, or they will sink and may be lost.7.1.5 Detoxify b
20、y dispersing potassium permanganate equalto the rotenone concentration in the same manner as therotenone. Avoid dispersing excessive quantities of potassiumpermanganate because it is also toxic to fish.7.2 In flowing streams and small rivers, fish samples can betaken, but as the size and volume incr
21、eases, so does thecomplexity of the operation.7.2.1 Initial procedures are as explained in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2except two or more additional people are needed, divers are notusually necessary, and the block-off net is placed across thedownstream edge of the sample area.7.2.2 Apply the rotenone by pumping
22、 through a perforatedhose that is laid on the bottom across the stream at the upstreamedge of the sample area. The pump and rotenone supply can beon shore or in an anchored boat. In shallow streams rotenonecan be poured along the upstream edge. As soon as thetreatment begins, several floating plasti
23、c jugs are released inthe water to visually mark the progress of the rotenone slug.When rotenone has been dispensed, several more floating jugsare placed in the water.7.2.3 Collect surfacing fish in the downstream section andin front of the block-off net. Keep the net as free of debris aspossible. W
24、hen the first floating jug reaches the net, disperseequivalent potassium permanganate concentration along thedownstream side of the block-off net until the last jugs havereached the net.7.2.4 Refs (3), (4), (5), and (6) are provided which give adetailed description of the process and equipment neede
25、d totake rotenone samples in streams up to 600 ft (183 m) acrossand 5000 ft3/s (141.6 m3/s).REFERENCES(1) Schnick, R. A., “A Review of the Literature on the Use of Rotenone inFisheries,” PB-235-454, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1974.(2) Anonymous. “Noxfish and Pro-Noxfish for Fisheries Ma
26、nagement,” S.B. Penick and Co., 100 Church St., New York, N.Y., 1963.(3) Johnson, T. L. and Pasch, R. W., “Improved Rotenone SamplingEquipment for Streams,” Proceedings Annual Conference, SouthEastern Association of Game and Fish Commission. Vol 29, 1975, pp.4650.(4) Ober, R. D., “Operational Improv
27、ements for Rotenone Sampling onStreams,” Game and Fish Division, Georgia Department of NationalResources, Albany, Ga.(5) Holder, D. R., “A Technique for Using Rotenone to Sample FishPopulations in Georgias Warm Water Streams,” Game and FishDivision, Department of Natural Research, Atlanta, Ga. Techn
28、icalReport No. 1, 1975. pp. 28.(6) Nelson, D. and Smith, D. W., “Rotenone Stream Fish Sampling inMichigan,” Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rap-ids, Mich. 1979, pp. 6.4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestio
29、ns on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D 4131 84 (2005)2ASTM Internation
30、al takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their
31、own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be
32、addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,
33、 at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4131 84 (2005)3
