1、Designation: D 4157 07Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory CylinderMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the deter
3、mination of the abra-sion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatorycylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for somefabric constructions.NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given in: Guides D 3884 and D 4158, and Test MethodsD
4、 3885, D 3886, , and AATCC 93.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard; the values in English units are provided as informa-tion only and are not exact equivalents.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t
5、heresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
6、 Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D 4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D
7、 4850 Terminology Relating to FabricD 5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongationof Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 Other Document:AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: AccelerotorMethod33. Terminology3.
8、1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion, abrasion cycle, in abrasion testing , breaking force,double-rub, in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing.3.2 For all other terminology
9、 related to textiles, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-men to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditionsof pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abra-sion is evaluated by various means which are d
10、escribed inSection 12.5. Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textileand other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasionis affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanicalproperties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; thestructure of
11、the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and thetype, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers,yarns, or fabric.5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variableaction of the abradant over the area of
12、specimen abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changesin the abradant during specific tests. The abradant mustaccordingly be changed at frequent intervals
13、or checkedperiodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007.
14、Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4157 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
15、onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.abradant is used only once or changed after li
16、mited use. Withpermanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalentsurfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similarabradants used in different laboratories will not likely change atthe same rate due to differences in usage
17、. Permanent abradantsmay also change due to pick up of finishing or other materialfrom test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequentintervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasionmay also be affected by the method of evaluation and may beinfluenced by the judgment of the ope
18、rator.5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally onlyone of several factors contributing to wear performance ordurability as experienced in the actual use of the material.While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of t
19、henumber of cycles on a specified machine, using a specifiedtechnique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion) arefrequently related, the relationship varies with
20、 different enduses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculationof predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratorytests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-useperformance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of various materials is large, but t
21、hey should not be reliedupon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. Ingeneral, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actualwear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing thespecific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests andactual wear in the intend
22、ed end-use.5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is notsurprising, therefore, to find that there are many different typesof abrasion testing machines, abradants
23、, testing conditions,testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-tance, and interpretation of results.5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developedfor abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability inresults obtained by different operators and in different labo
24、ra-tories; however, they represent the methods now most widelyin use. This test method provides a comparative measurementof the resistance of woven textile fabrics to abrasion, and maynot necessarily predict the actyal performance of fabrics inactual use.5.7 If there are differences of practical sig
25、nificance betweenreported test results for two or more laboratories, comparativetests should be performed to determine if there is a statisticalbias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As aminimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible,drawn from the material from which
26、the disparate test resultswere obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers toeach laboratory for testing. The test results from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If bias is found, either it
27、s cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-ation of the known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasive Machine4, consisting ofthe following6.1.1 Oscillating Cylinder Section, equipped with edgeclamps to permit mounting of a sheet of abrasive mat
28、erial overits surface, capable of oscillating through an arc of 76 6 2mm(3 6 0.1 in.) at the rate of 90 6 1 cycles (double rub) per min.6.1.2 Four Specimen Holding Arms, to permit testing ofseveral specimens sumultaneously; each arm having a set ofcontrolled tension clamps with the forward clamp att
29、ached to aforce scaled tension bar, and a controlled pressure pad attachedto a force scaled pressure bar.6.1.3 Calibrated Mass (340 g), that slides on the tension barand attached on each arm forward clamp to adjust tension tothe specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up to a total of26.7 N (6 lbf)
30、.6.1.4 Thumb Screw, that butts against the rear clamp of eacharm to provide slack take-up of the specimen.6.1.5 Sponge Rubber Pressure Pad,503 50 mm (2 3 2 in.)with a tolerance of 6 1 mm (0.05 in.) shaped to the cylindersurface and fitted to the pressure bar.6.1.6 Calibrated Mass (150 g), that slide
31、s on the pressurebar and attached on each pressure pad to adjust and applypressure to the specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up toa total of 15.575 N (3.5 lbf).6.1.7 Two Slotted Vacuum Pipes, suspended over the cylin-der drum to remove lint and dust particles.6.1.8 Automatic Cycle Counter, wit
32、h set and stop mecha-nism to record the number of cycles (double rubs) and stop themachine at a predetermined number of cycles.6.2 Abradant:6.2.1 Cotton Duck # 104, with the following characteristics:6.2.1.1 Mass/Unit Area500 6 25 g/m2(14 to 15.8 oz/yd2).6.2.1.2 Weave Typeplain weave.6.2.1.3 Fabric
33、Count41 6 1 end/in. 3 28 6 1 pick/in.6.2.1.4 Yarn Size7/2 cotton count 6 1 in both warp andfilling.6.2.1.5 Air Permeabilityless than 4 cfm.6.2.1.6 Finishloom state; no warp size.6.2.2 Wire Screen, specification information to follow.6.2.3 Grit Sandpaper, to refurbish rubber pads.6.2.4 Nylon Brush, m
34、edium brisstle, or equivalent.6.2.5 Mild Household Detergent Solution.6.2.6 Air Supply, with regulated nozzle.6.2.7 Digital Force Gage.7. Sampling7.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable materialspecification, or as agreed upon between the purchaser andseller. In the absence of such a spe
35、cification or other agree-ment, take a laboratory sample as directed in 7.2.7.2 Take a laboratory sample from each roll or piece offabric in the lot sample. The laboratory sample should be full4Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.D4157072width and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in
36、.) long andshould not be taken any closer to the end of the roll or piece offabric than1m(1yd). Consider rolls or pieces of fabric to bethe primary sampling unit.7.3 Take a laboratory sampling unit from each roll or pieceof fabric in the lot sample that is full width and at least 50 cm(20 in.) long
37、and not taken any closer to the end of the roll orpiece of fabric than1m(1yd).7.4 Sample shipment of garments as agreed upon betweenpurchaser and seller.8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 In the absence of any applicable material specifications,take 12 specimens, 6 warp (machine directio
38、n) and 6 filling,(across machine direction) from each sample to be tested.8.2 Preparation of Specimens:8.2.1 Cut the test specimens 73 mm (278 in.) by 245 mm(958 in.). Specimens should be cut with flares or wings. Thelong dimensions are cut parallel to the warp yarns for warpwise(machine direction)
39、abrasion and parallel to the filling yarns forfilling-wise (cross-machine direction) abrasion. For wovenfabrics do not cut two warp specimens from the same warpyarns or two filling specimens from the same filling yarns. Ifthe fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens are repre-sentative sampli
40、ng of the pattern.8.2.2 Cut test specimens both in the length and widthwisedirections of the fabric. Cut specimens representing a broaddistribution diagonally across the length and the width of thefabric.8.2.3 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases orwrinkles. Take no specimens within 10 % of t
41、he selvage.8.2.4 If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimensare a representative sampling of the pattern.8.2.5 Seal edges when requred to prevent raveling. Thespecimen edges may be sealed by use of rubber blue or bysewing using the stitch described in Test Method D 5034.9. Conditioning9.1
42、 For the tests made as described, precondition the speci-mens by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibrium inthe standard atmosphere for preconditioning, then bring thespecimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standardatmosphere for testing. Equilibrium is considered to have beenr
43、eached when the increase in weight of the specimen insuccessive weightings made at intervals of not less than 2 hdoes not exceed 0.1 % of the weight of the specimen.10. Preparation, Maintenance, and Calibration of TestApparatus10.1 Prepare and verify calibration of the abrasion testerusing direction
44、s supplied by the manufacturer.10.2 Verify that the rubber pads extend below their holders.10.3 Verify that the entire lower surface of the rubber pad isin contact with the cylinder section, and that no space isobserved. If space(s) are observed, reshape the lower padsurface as directed. Pads should
45、 be changed at least once ayear.10.3.1 If wire screen abradant is used, remove and cleanwith the nylon brush. Clean cylinder. Insert and clamp 50 gritsand paper to the cylinder. Remove all pressure from the padand lock the specimen holding arm in position. Run the testerin 50 cycle increments. Inspe
46、ct for spaces between the lowersurface of the pad and the cylinder after each 50 cycles.Continue until the entire surface of the pad conforms to theshape of the cylinder section. The wear pattern on the sandpaper can assist in determining conformance.10.4 At lease on a weekly schedule: clean surface
47、 of thecylinder section and the steel screen by brushing and then usingthe mild detergent solution. Clean out vacuum system. Inspectthe pads for wear and refurbish as directed in 10.3.1 asrequired.10.5 After each test: brush the rubber pads to remove anyloose fibers, etc. Using the nylon brush, clea
48、n the surface of thecylinder section and the steel screen by brushing and wipingwith a cloth. If disposible abradants are used, such as emerypaper or cotton duck, replace after each test.10.6 Calibration of the Oscillatory Cylinder machine shouldbe performed as specified in the appendix of this meth
49、od.11. Procedure11.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and65 6 2 % relative humidity.11.2 Select the abradant for a given end-use application.Refer to Table 1. Ensure the abradant is taut and securedsquarely to the cylinder. In the absence of a specified abradant,ust the steel screen. If using #10 cotton Duck, be sure that anew piece of duck is used and that it is mounted on the machinewith the short direction cut parallel to the warp direction. If thewire screen us being used, it should be preconditi
