1、Designation: D 4175 05e1An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTETerms were transferred
3、 editorially in August 2006.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants, except that it does not includeterms/definitions specific only to the standards in which theyappear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly def
4、initions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants. Meanings ofthe same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleumproducts, and lubricants can be found in other compilations andin dictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thesta
5、ndards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Sub
6、commit-tee CS 95. Some abbreviations, acronyms and symbols areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D 6812abrasion, nwear by displacement of material caused by hardparticles or hard protuberances. D02.B0 D 4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuber-ances forced ag
7、ainst and moving along a solid surface.D02.L0 D 5182absolute filtration rating, nthe diameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass through a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D 4174absorbance, A, nthe mole
8、cular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 5 log10Twhere T is the transmittance as defined in 3.1.3.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation h
9、asbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D 2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concent
10、ration and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance defined in 3.1.4,f = the dilution factor defined in 3.1.5,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D 2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines
11、thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specific
12、ation value. D02.94D 3244accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organizati
13、on, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.94 D 6299, E11 E 456, E 177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepte
14、d reference value. D02.94 D 6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6299acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required to1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of
15、 ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 417502ae2.1Copyright ASTM Internationa
16、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.titrate a sample to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in the solvent from i
17、ts initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to a freshlyprepared non-aqueous basic buffer solution or a well-defined inflectionpoint as specified in the test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as
18、milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared nonaqueous acidic buffer solutionor a well-defined inflection point as specified in the tes
19、t method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.
20、06 D 664acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point. D02.06D 974, D 3339, D 5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end p
21、oint in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D 974DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D 3339DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe num
22、ber of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hy
23、droxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D 5770acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D 1093across (or against) grain, nthe direction in a body withpreferred orientation
24、 due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C 709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated s
25、ludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D 6139acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short pe
26、riod oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D 6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortperiod, usually not consti
27、tuting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D 6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period, usually not constituting a substantialport
28、ion of their life span. D02.12 D 6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12
29、D 6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0 D 5862,D02.95 D 4175adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer be
30、tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D 5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in
31、reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D 2892aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain meta-bol
32、ically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptorin their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes re-quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D 6469aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the pre
33、sence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen. D02.N0D 6006, D 6046agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, a composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C 709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesum of the pH + log alkal
34、inity + log hardness of watersample where both alkalinity and hardness are reported asCaCO3L.DISCUSSIONAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. AtA.I. $ 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 # A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to comp
35、lex polymers, includ-ing plastics. Oxygen requirements range from obligate anaerobes,which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die ifoxygen pressure falls below a species specific threshold. D02.14D 6469base number, nthe quantity of an acid, expressed in terms ofthe equivalent num
36、ber of milligrams of potassium hydroxideper gram of sample, that is required to titrate a sampledissolved in the specified solvent to a specified end point (forexample, Test Method D 4739).DISCUSSIONThis method uses fixed amounts of isooctane andalcoholic hydrochloric acid as the sample solvent and
37、the end point isdefined as the amount of titrant required to reach a yellow end-pointwith a methyl red indicator solution. D02.06 D 5984base number, nthe quantity of acid, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point. D
38、02.06D 974, D 4739DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to an orange end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent.D02.06 D 974DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the sample is titrated to a meterreading corresponding to a freshly prepared nonaqueous acidic bufferso
39、lution. D02.06 D 4739base oil, na base stock or a blend of two or more base stocksused to produce finished lubricants, usually in combinationwith additives. D02.B0 D 6074base stock, na hydrocarbon lubricant component, other thanan additive, that is produced by a single manufacturer to thesame specif
40、ications (independent of feed source or manufac-turers location), and that is identified by a unique formulanumber or product identification number, or both.D02.B0 D 6074basicity, nthe quality, state or degree of being basic.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for basicity is a pink orred c
41、olor when phenolphthalein indicator is used. D02.06D 1093basis weight of paper, nbasis weight is expressed in gramsper square metre. In countries where the metric system is notuniversal, basis weight is also expressed in pounds per ream.DISCUSSIONFor factors to convert basis weight in grams per squa
42、remetre to other commercial terms, see Test Method D 646. D02.10D 2423BDC, nbottom dead center D02.B0 D 6750bias, nthe difference between the population mean of the testresults and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6300,E11 E 456bias, na systematic error that contributes to the differencebetween
43、 a population mean of the measurements or testresults and an accepted reference or true value. D02.94D 6299, E11 E 177, E 456bias, relative, nthe difference between the population meanof the test results and an accepted reference value, which isthe agreed upon value obtained using an accepted refere
44、ncemethod for measuring the same property. D02.94 D 6300binder, na substance, usually an organic material such ascoal tar pitch or petroleum pitch, used to bond the coke orother filler material prior to baking. D02.F0 C 709bioaccumulation, nthe net accumulation of a substance byan organism as a resu
45、lt of uptake from all environmentalsources. D02.N0 D 7044bioburden, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass)in a system.DISCUSSIONTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of eitherbiomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface areamaterial tested (g biomass / mL; g biomass / g
46、; cells / mL sample, andso forth). The specific parameter used to define bioburden depends oncritical properties of the system evaluated and the investigatorspreferences. D02.14 D 6469biocide, na poisonous substance that can kill living organ-isms.DISCUSSIONBiocides are further classified as bacteri
47、cides (killbacteria), fungicides (kill fungi), and microbiocides (kill both bacteriaand fungi). They are also referred to as antimicrobials. D02.14D 6469biodegradable, nany substance containing 2200C regardless of any resultant crystallinity. The use of the termgraphitization without reporting confi
48、rmation of long range threedimensional crystallographic order determined by diffraction studiesshould be avoided, as it can be misleading. D02.F0 C 709green carbon, na formed, but unfired carbon body.D02.F0 C 709green petroleum coke, nsame as raw petroleum coke; asolid, carbonaceous residue produced
49、 by thermal decompo-sition of heavy petroleum fractions or cracked stocks, orboth. D02.05 D 6376gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg), nthe quantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in aconstant volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous,other than water that is condensed to the liquid state.DISCUSSIONThe fuel can be either liquid or solid, and contain onlythe elements carbon, hydrogen, nitr
