1、Designation: D4177 95 (Reapproved 2010)Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.2Standard Practice forAutomatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4177; the number immediately following the designation ind
2、icates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies o
3、f the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers information for the design, instal-lation, testing, and operation of automated equipment for theextraction of representative samples of petroleum and petro-leum products from a flowing stream and storing them in asample receiver. If sampli
4、ng is for the precise determination ofvolatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4)inconjunction with this practice. For sample mixing, refer toPractice D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). Petroleum productscovered in this practice are considered to be a single phase andexhibit Newtonian character
5、istics at the point of sampling.1.2 Applicable FluidsThis practice is applicable to petro-leum and petroleum products with vapor pressures at samplingand storage temperatures less than or equal to 101 kPa(14.7 psi). Refer to D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) whensampling for Reid vapor pressure (RVP) det
6、ermination.1.3 Non-applicable FluidsPetroleum products whose va-por pressure at sampling and sample storage conditions areabove 101 kPa (14.7 psi) and liquified gases (that is, LNG,LPG etc.) are not covered by this practice.1.3.1 While the procedures covered by this practice willproduce a representa
7、tive sample of the flowing liquid into thesample receiver, specialized sample handling may be necessaryto maintain sample integrity of more volatile materials at hightemperatures or extended residence time in the receiver. Suchhandling requirements are not within the scope of this practice.Procedure
8、s for sampling these fluids are described in PracticeD1265, Test Method D1145, and GPA 2166.1.4 Annex A2 contains theoretical calculations for selectingthe sampler probe location. Annex A3 lists acceptance meth-odologies for sampling systems and components. Annex A4gives performance criteria for per
9、manent installations, whileAnnex A5 has the criteria for portable sampling units. AnnexA6 provides sampler acceptance test data. Appendix X1 is adesign data sheet for automatic sampling systems. AppendixX2 compares the percent sediment and water to unloading timeperiod.1.5 The values stated in SI un
10、its are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating LiquidsD1145 Test Method for Sampling Natural Gas3D1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)Gases, Manual
11、MethodD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4928 Test Methods for Water in Crude Oils by Coulom-etric Karl Fischer TitrationD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum
12、and Petroleum Products2.2 API Standards:4API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chap-ters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10MPMS Chapter 8.1 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petro-leum and Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice D4057)MPMS Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling ofLiquid Samples of Petroleum
13、and Petroleum Products(ASTM Practice D5854)MPMS Chapter 8.4 Practice for Manual Sampling andHandling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement (ASTMPractice D5842)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and theAPI Committee on Petroleum Measuremen
14、t, and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02.0B the joint ASTM-API Com-mittee on Sampling, Sediment, Water.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D417795(2005).DOI: 10.1520/D4177-95R10.2For referenc
15、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St.
16、, NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.MPMS Chapter 10.9 Test Method for Water in Crude Oilsby Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration (ASTM TestMethod D4928)2.3 Gas Processors
17、Association Standard:5GPA 2166 Obtaining Natural Gas Samples for Analysis byGas Chromatography2.4 Institute of Petroleum Standard:6IP Petroleum Measurement Manual, Part IV, SamplingSection 2, Guide to Automatic Sampling of Liquids fromPipelines, Appendix B, 34th Ed2.5 Government Standard:7CFR 29, Pa
18、rt 1910.1000 Toxic and Hazardous Substances3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 automatic sampler, na device used to extract arepresentative sample from the liquid flowing in a pipe.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe automatic sampler usually consistsof a probe, a sample extract
19、or, an associated controller, a flowmeasuring device, and a sample receiver.3.1.2 automatic sampling system, na system consisting ofstream conditioning, an automatic sampler, and sample mixingand handling.3.1.3 dissolved water, nwater in solution in petroleumand petroleum products.3.1.4 emulsion, na
20、 water in oil mixture, which does notreadily separate.3.1.5 entrained water, nwater suspended in the oil.3.1.5.1 DiscussionEntrained water includes emulsionsbut does not include dissolved water.3.1.6 flow proportional sample, nflow taken such that therate is proportional throughout the sampling peri
21、od to the flowrate of liquid in the pipe.3.1.7 free water, nwater that exists as a separate phase.3.1.8 grab, nthe volume of sample extracted from apipeline by a single actuation of the sample extractor.3.1.9 homogeneous, adjwhen liquid composition is thesame at all points in the container, tank, or
22、 pipeline crosssection.3.1.10 isokinetic sampling, nsampling in such a mannerthat the linear velocity through the opening of the sample probeis equal to the linear velocity in the pipeline at the samplinglocation and is in the same direction as the bulk of the liquidapproaching the sampling probe.3.
23、1.11 Newtonian fluid, na liquid whose viscosity isunaffected by the order of magnitude or agitation to which itmay be subjected as long as the temperature is constant.3.1.12 power mixer, na device which uses an externalsource of power to achieve stream conditioning.3.1.13 primary sample receiver/con
24、tainer, na vessel intowhich all samples are initially collected.3.1.14 probe, nthe portion of the automatic sampler thatextends into the pipe and directs a portion of the fluid to thesample extractor.3.1.15 profile testing, na procedure for simultaneouslysampling at several points across the diamete
25、r of a pipe toidentify the extent of stratification.3.1.16 representative sample, na portion extracted from atotal volume that contains the constituents in the same propor-tions as are present in the total volume.3.1.17 sample, na portion extracted from a total volumethat may or may not contain the
26、constituents in the sameproportions as are present in that total volume.3.1.18 sample controller, na device which governs theoperation of the sample extractor.3.1.19 sample extractor, na device which removes asample (grab) from a pipeline, sample loop, or tank.3.1.20 sample handling and mixing, nthe
27、 conditioning,transferring and transporting of a sample.3.1.21 sample loop (fast loop or slip stream), na lowvolume bypass diverted from the main pipeline.3.1.22 sampling, nall the steps required to obtain asample that is representative of the contents of any pipe, tank,or other vessel and to place
28、that sample into a container fromwhich a representative test specimen can be taken for analysis.3.1.23 sampling system proving, na procedure used tovalidate an automatic sampling system.3.1.24 sediment and water (S thereforethe sample probe, extractor, and flow sensor should be cleanedafter every us
29、e to prevent plugging.15.2.10 All components and installation must meet appli-cable regulations, such as those of the U.S. Coast Guard.15.3 Operating ConsiderationsThe portable sampler op-erator must maintain operating conditions which provideadequate mixing and produce a representative sample. Perf
30、or-mance criteria is given in Annex A5. To meet the criteriarequires cooperation of the vessel crew and shore personnel.Special operating requirements are:15.3.1 The portable sampler operator should keep the flowrate at each flow sensing device within its design range bylimiting the number of loadin
31、g lines or hoses in service duringperiods of low flow rates, for example, start-up, topping off,stripping, etc.15.3.2 For discharge operations, the vessel compartmentdischarge sequence must be controlled so that the amount offree water being discharged during the start-up operation is lessthan 10 %
32、of the total amount of water in the cargo.15.3.3 For loadings, a shore tank with no free water ispreferred for the initial pumping. Water drawing the tank orpumping a small portion of the tank to another shore tank priorto the opening tank gauge, or both, are suggested.16. Acceptance Tests16.1 Testi
33、ng is recommended to confirm that a samplingsystem is performing accurately. Annex A3 outlines methodsfor testing samplers that are used for the collection of S Total System Testing and Component Testing.16.2 Total System TestingThis test method is a volumebalance test where tests are conducted for
34、known amounts ofwater. It is designed to test the total system including thelaboratory handling and mixing of sample. Two procedures areoutlined. One involves only the sampler under test, the otherutilizes an additional sampler to measure the baseline water.16.3 Component TestingThis test method inv
35、olves testingindividually the components that comprise a sampling system.Where applicable, some of the component tests may beconducted prior to installation of the total system. Componentsto be tested include:16.3.1 Probe/extractor,16.3.2 Profile (for stream conditioning),16.3.3 Special flow meter,
36、and16.3.4 Primary sample receiver and mixer.FIG. 8 Typical Portable Marine InstallationD4177 95 (2010)716.3.5 If a system design has been proven by testing,subsequent systems of the same design (for example, LACTunits), including piping configuration and operated under thesame or less criterial cond
37、itions (that is, higher flow rate,higher viscosity, lower water content, etc.) need not be tested.Once a system or system design has been proven, the followingchecks can be used to confirm system reliability:Component CheckStream conditioning Flow rate or pressure drop if equipped with power orstati
38、c mixer.Profile test for systems with only piping elements.Pacing device Compare recorded batch volume to known volume.Compare actual sample volume to expected volume.Extractor Compare actual sample volume to expected volume.Compare actual grab size to expected grab size.16.3.6 Portable sampling sys
39、tems can be tested by thecomponent testing method except for proper stream condition-ing. To compensate for this, the performance test for eachoperation has been designed to evaluate the operation of thesampler. This is shown in Annex A5.16.4 Requirements for AcceptabilityTesting by either thecompon
40、ent or total system method requires that two out ofthree consecutive sets of test data repeat within the limitsshown in Annex A3.17. Operational Performance Checks/Reports17.1 Monitoring of sampler performance is a necessary partof every sampling operation. Monitoring is required to makesure that th
41、e sample extractor is extracting a uniform grab in aflow proportional manner. This is normally accomplished byassessing the sample volume collected to ensure that it meetsexpectations for the equipment and transfer volume involved.17.2 Several procedures may be used to accomplish thisrequirement, th
42、at is, sight glasses, gages, or weigh cells.Selection of a procedure should be based on (1) volume oftransfer, (2) type of installation, (3) time interval of transfer, (4)whether the sampling facility is manned, (5) receiver type, (6)purpose of the sample, and (7) equipment used.17.3 For LACT and AC
43、T units, monitoring may consist ofcomparison between sample volume collected and expectedsample volume. For very large transfers including marinetransferee, more information may be desired as outlined inAnnex A4 and Annex A5.18. Keywords18.1 acceptance tests; automatic petroleum sampling; con-trolle
44、rs; extractor; intermediate sampling receiver; isokineticsampling; mixing elements; portable samplers; primary samplereceiver; probe; representative sampling; representative sam-pling criteria; sample loop; sample mixing; sampling handling;stream conditioningANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. PRECAUT
45、IONARY INFORMATIONA1.1 Physical Characteristics and Fire ConsiderationsA1.1.1 Personnel involved in the handling of petroleum-related substances (and other chemical materials) should befamiliar with their physical and chemical characteristics, in-cluding potential for fire, explosion, and reactivity
46、, and appro-priate emergency procedures. These procedures should complywith the individual companys safe operating practices andlocal, state, and federal regulations, including those coveringthe use of proper protective clothing and equipment. Personnelshould be alert to avoid potential sources of i
47、gnition and shouldkeep the materials containers closed when not in use.A1.1.2 API Publication 2217 and Publication 20264and anyapplicable regulations should be consulted when samplingrequires entry to confined spaces.A1.1.3 INFORMATION REGARDING PARTICULARMATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OB-TAINED
48、 FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFAC-TURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL OR THEMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.A1.2 Safety and Health ConsiderationA1.2.1 GeneralPotential health effects can result fromexposure to any chemical and are dependent on the toxicity ofthe chemical, concentration, and length of the ex
49、posure.Everyone should minimize his or her exposure to work placechemicals. The following general precautions are suggested:(1) Minimize skin and eye contact and breathing ofvapors.(2) Keep chemicals away from the mouth; they can beharmful or fatal if swallowed or aspirated.(3) Keep containers closed when not in use.(4) Keep work areas as clean as possible and wellventilated.(5) Clean spills promptly and in accordance with pertinentsafety, health, and environmental regulations.(6) Observe established exposure limits and use properprotective clothing
