1、Designation: D 4223 99 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forPreparation of Test Specimens of Asphalt-Stabilized Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the selection and proportioning ofsoils and emulsified or cutback asphalts and the fabr
3、ication of4-in. (102-mm) diameter by 2.5-in. (54-mm) high test speci-mens.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard, except as noted a
4、s follows. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, and areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of f
5、orce (weight), while the unit for massis slugs.1.3.2 The slug unit of mass is almost never used incommercial practice (density, scales, balances, and so forth).Therefore, the standard unit for mass in this practice is eitherkilogram (kg) or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalentinch-pound unit (slu
6、g) is not given.1.3.3 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession in the United States to concurrently use pound torepresent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This usecombines two separate system of units, the absolute system andthe gravitational system. It is scienti
7、fically undesirable tocombine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units withina single standard. As stated in 1.3.2, this practice uses thegravitational system and does not present the slug unit formass. However, the use of scales or balances recording poundsof mass (lbm) or the recording of
8、density in lbm/ft3shall not beregarded as nonconformance with this practice.1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects o
9、f this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The wo
10、rd “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
11、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No.200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by WashingC 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coars
12、eAggregatesD8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 977 Specification for Emulsified AsphaltD 1074 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Bitumi-nous MixturesD 1188 Test Method for
13、 Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using CoatedSamplesD 1559 Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow ofBituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus3D 1560 Test Methods for Resistance to Deformation andCohesion of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of HveemApparatusD 1561
14、 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture TestSpecimens by Means of California Kneading CompactorD 2026 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-CuringType)D 2027 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-CuringType)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock
15、and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization withAdmixtures.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 4223 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orc
16、ontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
17、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2028 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-CuringType)D 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2397 Specification for Cationic Emulsified AsphaltD 2419 Test Method for Sand E
18、quivalent Value of Soils andFine AggregateD 2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and Constructio
19、nD 4123 Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for ResilientModulus of Bituminous Mixtures3D 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3. Significance and Use3.1 This practice is intended for the pr
20、eparation of standardspecimens of soil-asphalt mixtures suitable for tests of TestMethods D 1559, D 1560, D 1561, D 4123, and other testsusing specimens of the above dimensions. This practice islimited to only fine-grained soils as defined in 6.1.NOTE 1The quality of the results produced by this pra
21、ctice isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing, sampling, inspection, and so forth. Users of thispractice
22、are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.4. Terminology4.1 Refer to Terminology D 653 for terms relating to soilsand to Terminology D8for
23、terms relating to asphalt.5. Apparatus5.1 All testing equipment is described in the appropriatestandards given in Section 2 of this practice.6. Materials6.1 Soils, shall be combinations of sand, silt, and clay-sizematerials generally encountered in ground deposits and con-taining not more than 25 %
24、of material larger than the No. 4sieve. The types of soils considered to be suitable for stabili-zation with emulsified or cutback asphalts are sands, siltysands, and other fine-grained soils of low plasticity. Generally,a suitable soil will have a sand equivalent test value not lessthan 25 determin
25、ed in accordance with Test Method D 2419,and the product obtained by mutiplying the plasticity index asdetermined in accordance with Test Method D 4318, by thepercent passing the No. 200 sieve will not be more than 60.6.1.1 Soils having more than 25 % passing the No. 200sieve or a sand equivalent va
26、lue below 25 are consideredborderline prospects for suitable stabilization with asphalt.Continuation under this practice for such soils should beconsidered exploratory. However, a soil may still be judgedsuitable on the basis of subsequent testing, depending oncriteria set for the specific objective
27、 of the stabilization project.6.2 Bituminous Material, shall be an emulsified as specifiedin Specifications D 977 or D 2397, or a cutback asphalt asspecified in Specifications D 2026, D 2027, or D 2028, the typeand grade to be as specified.6.3 Potable Water, shall be used in preparing mixtureswhere
28、required.7. Preparation of Soil7.1 Sample the soil in accordance with Practice D75.7.2 Pulverize approximately 4.5 kg of the air-dry soil insuch a manner as to separate the soil particles without reducingthe individual particle sizes and screen through a No. 4(4.75-mm) sieve. Record the percentage r
29、etained on the No. 4sieve. Screen the soil passing the No. 4 sieve through the No.10 (2.00-mm) sieve, and if soil-binder aggregations are re-tained on the No. 10 sieve, further pulverize them to breakdown the aggregations without reducing the individual particlesizes.7.3 Combine and thoroughly mix t
30、he material passing theNo. 4 sieve with the material passing the No. 10 sieve and storein tightly closed containers.7.4 The material retained on the No. 4 sieve may bereintroduced into the mix at this point, provided it does notexceed 10 % of the total combined weight of all fractions, andthe maximu
31、m size is not greater than the34-in. (19.0-mm)sieve.8. Water Content, Sieve Analysis, and Sand Equivalent8.1 Water ContentDetermine the water content of at leasta 500-g sample of the air-dried soil in accordance with MethodD 2216. Record water content for use in calculating the drymass of air-dried
32、soil.8.2 Sieve AnalysisDetermine the amount passing the No.200 sieve on the dry soil of 8.1 in accordance with Test MethodC117 (wash test). Determine grain size distribution on thesame sample in accordance with Method C 136 using thefollowing sieve sizes: Nos. 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100, and 200.8.3 Sand
33、 EquivalentDetermine the sand equivalent valueon a representative sample of the air-dried soil in accordancewith Test Method D 2419.9. Preparation of Mixtures9.1 Emulsified Asphalt:9.1.1 Mix ProportionsThe emulsified asphalt contents ofthree trial mixes are estimated by using the centrifuge kerosine
34、equivalent (CKE) test.4The oil ratio determined by the CKEtest is multiplied by the factors of 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 to establishthe emulsion contents, in percent by dry weight of soil, for thetrial mixes.9.1.2 Should the residue asphalt content of the emulsion beother than 60 %, a correction should be
35、made as follows:Corrected emulsion content, % 5emulsion content, % 3 0.60actual residue, %(1)4See “Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Other Hot-Mix Types,”Manual Series No. 2, The Asphalt Institute, March 1974.D 4223 99 (2006)29.1.3 Mixing Test:9.1.3.1 To evaluate the ability of the emulsif
36、ied asphalt todisperse uniformly throughout the mix and to judge mixworkability, weigh out 500 g of dry soil (corrected for watercontent recorded in 8.1), place in mixing bowl, and add theminimum amount of water to achieve wetting, and mix for 30s. Normally, this is just enough water to darken the a
37、ggregateparticles.9.1.3.2 Add emulsified asphalt in the amount of 1.4 3 CKEoil ratio by dry weight of soil, and mix for an additional 30 swith the laboratory mechanical mixer to simulate field mixingoperations (if laboratory mixer is not available, a 2-min spoonbowl mixing is sufficient). Reject a m
38、ix which strips or stiffensexcessively and make an additional mixture with an additionalincrement of water. Repeat until a mix of adequate appearanceand workability is obtained.9.1.3.3 Should mixes become excessively soupy and segre-gate on standing without passing through an adequate appear-ing and
39、 workable phase as additional increments of water areadded, start over with another type or grade of asphaltemulsion being considered for the project.9.1.3.4 Take approximately 200 g of the above satisfactorymix and allow it to air dry at room temperature. An electric fanor a warm plate may be used
40、to accelerate drying. Rate theappearance of the air-dry soil-asphalt mixture by visuallyestimating the percent total aggregate surface that is coatedwith asphalt. Record this value as percent coating. A minimumcoating of 50 % shall be attained before the mix is consideredsuitable for fabrication of
41、test specimens. Spottiness denotes anunsatisfactory mix, usually due to insufficient water or im-proper mixing properties of the emulsion, and is cause forrejection. Report the type(s) of emulsified asphalts and thecorresponding optimum fluid content of mixing. Fluid contentis the percent asphalt em
42、ulsion plus the percent mixing water,both as percent by weight of dry soil. This represents minimumfluid content for field mixing.9.1.3.5 The total fluid content for mixing established by themixing test is also used for preparing soil-asphalt mixturesusing emulsified asphalt contents for the other t
43、wo trial mixesby adding or subtracting water to compensate for the changesin emulsion content.9.2 Cutback Asphalt:9.2.1 Mix ProportionsThe cutback asphalt contents forthree trial mixes are estimated by the centrifuge kerosineequivalent (CKE) test.5The oil ratio determined by the CKEtest is multiplie
44、d by the factors of 0.8, 1.1, and 1.4 to establishthe three cutback asphalt contents, in percent by dry weight ofsoil, for the trial mixes.10. Determination of Mixing Fluids Content, CompactionFluids Content, and Bulk Specific Gravity ofCompacted Samples10.1 During the mixing and compaction process,
45、 a numberof masses (weights) must be recorded or determined if themixing fluids content, compaction fluids content, and bulkspecific gravity of the compacted samples are to be determined.The following must be determined in all mixing and compac-tion operations.10.1.1 Determine water content of air-d
46、ried soil in accor-dance with Method D 2216,10.1.2 Record tare mass (weight) of mixing container,10.1.3 Record mass (weight) of mixing water added,10.1.4 Record mass (weight) of emulsion or cutback added,10.1.5 Record mass (weight) of mixing container and ingre-dients after mixing,10.1.6 Record mass
47、 (weight) of mixing container and ingre-dients immediately prior to compaction,10.1.7 Determine the mass (weight) of the compactedsample immediately after compaction and extrusion,10.1.8 Determine the mass (weight) of the compactedsample immediately prior to testing, and10.1.9 Determine the bulk rel
48、ative mass density (specificgravity) of the compacted mixture either in accordance withTest Method D 1188 or Test Method D 2726.11. Specimen Fabrication by Kneading Compaction11.1 Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures:11.1.1 Kneading CompactionUsing the mix proportionsand mixing fluid content of 9.1.3, mix su
49、fficient material(approximately 1150 g) to make a 4.0-in. (102-mm) diameterby 2.5-in. (64-mm) high specimen. Uniformly spread the mixon the feeder trough of the kneading compactor and proceed asfollows:11.1.1.1 Record tare mass of the mold and place it on moldholder with metal insert plate (that is, spacer bar) under bottomedge of mold to give temporary support to the mold duringpreliminary compaction, and insert a filter paper on the base ofmold holder.11.1.1.2 Using the paddle, push one half of the mix on thetrough into the mold. Rod the mix 20 times in the center of them
