1、Designation: D4280 12D4280 15Standard Specification forExtended Life Type, Nonplowable, Raised RetroreflectivePavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonplowable, retroreflective raised pavement markers for nighttime lane marki
3、ng and delineation.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard except where noted in the document. The valuesgiven in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.1.3 The following precauti
4、onary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification:This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
5、 determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D71 Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch and Asphalt
6、 (Displacement Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterD113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous MaterialsD1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D3111 Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-Melt Adhe
7、sives by Mandrel Bend Test MethodD4402 Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational ViscometerD5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied, for Joints and Cracks in Asphaltic and Portland Cement ConcretePavementsE177 Practice for Use of t
8、he Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of RetroreflectorsE811 Pr
9、actice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics of Retroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specifications:3TT-T-291 Thinner, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular and Odorless2.3 AASHTO Standards:4AASHTO M237 Epoxy Resin Adhesive for Bonding Traffic Markers to Hardened Concrete1 This speci
10、fication is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 on HighwayTraffic Control Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2012Sept. 15, 2015. Published June 2012October 2015. Originally approved in 1983. Last pre
11、vious edition approved in 20082012 asD4280 08.D4280 12. DOI: 10.1520/D4280-12.10.1520/D4280-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document
12、 Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N.
13、Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequate
14、ly depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
15、 PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raised retroreflective marker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic and environmentalconditions.3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity, RIthe ratio of the luminous intensity (I) of the retrorefl
16、ector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminance (E) at the retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light, expressed incandelas per lux (cd/lx) (see Practice E808 and Terminology E284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe values presented for the coefficient of luminous inte
17、nsity are presented in SI units, which are the accepted worldwide normfor expressing this value, rather than in inch-pounds. When values are low, the coefficient of (retroreflected) luminous intensitymay be given in millicandelas per lux. In inch-pound units, RI is given in candelas per footcandle (
18、cd/fc). Historically, the term“specific intensity” and symbol (“SI”) have been used to designate this term but “RI” is preferred.3.1.3 colorchromaticity, according to the CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage) 1931 colorimetric system.3.1.4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontal
19、 plane between the direction of incident light and the normal to theleading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis angle corresponds to the entrance angle 2 when the marker is positioned for photometry.The direction given in Practice E808should be used when designating this angle.3.1.5 observatio
20、n anglethe angle between the illumination axis and the observation axis. (See also Practice E808.)3.1.6 retroreflectionreflection in which radiation is returned in directions close to the direction from which it came, thisproperty being maintained over wide variations of the direction of incident ra
21、diation.3.1.7 retroreflective elementa minimal optical unit that produces retroreflection, for example, a cube corner or a biconvexstructure.4. Classification4.1 Markers should be classified as to type, color, and abrasion resistance.4.1.1 Types of Markers:4.1.1.1 Type ATwo-way reflective markers, o
22、ne color.4.1.1.2 Type BOne-way reflective markers, one color.4.1.1.3 Type ETwo-way reflective markers, two colors.4.1.2 Retroreflected Color of Markers:4.1.2.1 WWhite.4.1.2.2 YYellow.4.1.2.3 RRed.4.1.2.4 BBlue.4.1.2.5 GGreen.4.1.3 Abrasion Resistance:4.1.3.1 Designated HMarker with hard, abrasion-re
23、sistant lens surface.4.1.4 Flexural Strength:4.1.4.1 Designated FMarker with sufficient longitudinal strength for application to flexible, asphaltic concrete pavement.4.2 Show classification in the order detailed in 4.1.1 4.1.3.1: type, color, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength. Forexample,
24、ERWF is a two-way red-and-white marker without abrasion resistant surface and with sufficient flexural strength forapplication to flexible pavement.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for material under this specification should include the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of marker: re
25、troreflective one way, or retroreflective two way,5.1.3 Color of marker,5.1.4 Abrasion resistance, if needed, and5.1.5 Flexural strength, if needed.D4280 152NOTE 1Flexural strength is not critical when application is to portland cement concrete pavement, but is critical when application is to some s
26、oftasphaltic concrete pavements.6. Requirements for Retroreflective Markers6.1 Construction:6.1.1 The marker shall be comprised of materials with adequate chemical, water, and UV resistance for the intended use.6.1.2 Marker height shall not exceed 0.80 in. (20.3 mm).6.1.3 Marker width shall not exce
27、ed 5.1 in. (130 mm).6.1.4 The angle between the face of the marker and the base shall be no greater than 45, except as provided in 6.1.4.1.6.1.4.1 If the angle between the face of the marker and the base is greater than 45, or if the marker front has protuberancesof more than 0.04 in. (1 mm). then a
28、s part of type acceptance, the marker shall be subjected to a six-month road test during thetime of the year when weather and traffic conditions are most critical to cleanability. Cleanability is determined by measuringcoefficient of luminous intensity before and after washing the marker lens.6.1.5
29、The base of the marker shall be substantially free from gloss or substances that may reduce its bond to adhesive.6.1.6 The base of the marker shall be flat within 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). If the bottom of the marker is configurated, the protrudingfaces of the configurations shall not deviate more than 0.0
30、5 in. (1.3 mm) from a plane.6.1.7 Construction not meeting the requirements of 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.1.6, or 6.1.7, but meeting the performance requirementsof 6.2, will be acceptable following a twelve-month road test to determine cleanability, durability, and adhesion to the road.6.2 Performance R
31、equirements:6.2.1 Retroreflectivity:6.2.1.1 For new markers, coefficient of luminous intensity (RI) measured in accordance with 9.1 shall be not less than the valuesin Table 1.6.2.1.2 For abrasion resistant markers, after abrading the marker in accordance with 9.5, coefficient of luminous intensity
32、at 0entrance angle measured in accordance with 9.1 shall be not less than the values in Table 1 multiplied by 0.5.NOTE 2No abrasion resistance test has been established for markers having biconvex optical elements.NOTE 3Some two-color markers may intentionally have only one of the retroreflective fa
33、ces abrasion resistant, in which case, the second face shouldnot be abraded.NOTE 4No laboratory abrasion test can be expected to model the full range of surface wear of pavement markers in use.6.2.2 Because no practical laboratory procedures have been determined to provide complete, reliable, and pr
34、edictiveinformation on adhesive bond strength, the user is encouraged to seek information from alternative sources such as field tests. Afield test of duration 12 months is recommended. A control marker is chosen with known satisfactory adhesion. The test markersmay be required to experience no more
35、 than 1.5 times as great an adhesion failure rate as the controls. The test severity shouldbe such that between 3 % and 20 % of the controls fail during the field test. There must be adequate numbers of test markers andcontrols for statistical validity.6.2.3 Physical Properties:6.2.3.1 Flexural Stre
36、ngth (designation F markers only)When tested in accordance with 9.2.1, a marker shall withstand 2000lbf (8914 N) without breakage.NOTE 5Method 9.2.1 tests longitudinal flexural strength, distinct from the flexural strength tested in previous editions of this specification.6.2.3.2 Compressive Strengt
37、hWhen tested in accordance with 9.2.2, a marker shall support a load of6000 lb (2727 kg) withoutbreakage or significant deformation of the marker. Significant deformation shall be understood to be 0.13 in. (3.3 mm).6.2.4 ColorWhen the retroreflector is illuminated by CIE Standard Source A and when m
38、easured in accordance with 9.3, thecolor of the retroreflected light shall fall within the color gamuts given by the following corner points and shown in Fig. 1.6.2.4.1 White:TABLE 1 Coefficient of Luminous Intensity RINOTE 1The retroreflector axis and datum axis of the marker are as shown in Fig. 2
39、 and Fig. 3.NOTE 2Entrance angle component 1 and rotation angle are 0.NOTE 3The values presented for the coefficient of luminous intensity in the table are given in SI units, which are the accepted worldwide norm forexpressing this value, rather than in inch-pounds. The values in cd/fc are provided
40、for information.Entrance Angle Component 2 Observation Angle Minimum Value RI, mcd/lxWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 279 167 70 93 26+ 20 20 0.2 112 67 28 37 10Entrance Angle Component 2 Observation Angle Minimum Value RI, cd/fcWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 3.0 1.8 0.75 1.0 0.28+ 20 20 0.2 1.2 0
41、.72 0.30 0.4 0.11D4280 153Point No. x y1 0.310 0.3482 0.453 0.4403 0.500 0.4404 0.500 0.3805 0.440 0.3806 0.310 0.2836.2.4.2 Yellow:Point No. x y1 0.545 0.4242 0.559 0.4393 0.609 0.3904 0.597 0.3906.2.4.3 Red:Point No. x y1 0.650 0.3302 0.668 0.3303 0.734 0.2654 0.721 0.2596.2.4.4 Blue:Point No. x y
42、1 0.039 0.3202 0.160 0.3203 0.160 0.2404 0.183 0.2185 0.088 0.1426.2.4.5 Green:Point No. x y1 0.009 0.7332 0.288 0.5203 0.209 0.3954 0.012 0.4946.2.5 Resistance to Lens Cracking:6.2.5.1 Lens Impact StrengthWhen impacted in accordance with 9.4.1, the face of the lens shall show no more than two radia
43、lcracks longer than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm). There shall be no radial cracks extending to the edge of the abrasion resistant area. Thereshall be no delamination.6.2.5.2 Temperature CyclingWhen subjected to temperature cycling in accordance with 9.4.2, there shall be no cracking ordelamination.FIG. 1 Color
44、 Gamut in accordance with 6.2.4D4280 1547. Sampling7.1 For markers not resistant to abrasion, sample size shall be 20 markers for each lot of 10 000 markers or less and 40 markersfor each lot of more than 10 000 markers. For markers with an abrasion-resistant surface, ten additional samples shall be
45、 required.Lot size shall not exceed 25 000 markers.8. Number of Tests and Retests8.1 For coefficient of luminous intensity (9.1.1), the entire sample of retroreflective pavement markers shall be tested. Failureof more than 10 % of the reflective faces shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot r
46、epresented by the sample. For abrasionresistant markers, in addition to the test of 9.1.1, four reflective faces passing the photometric requirements of 9.1.1 shall besubjected to abrasion (9.1.2) and remeasured; failure of more than one sample shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot.8.2 For
47、longitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1), compressive strength (9.2.2), and color (9.3), three specimens shall be tested.Specimens previously subjected to photometry (9.1.1), color (9.3), and the abrasion specified for 9.1.2 are acceptable for tests oflongitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1) and compres
48、sive strength (9.2.2). Failure of more than one specimen shall be cause forrejection of the entire lot.8.3 For lens impact strength (9.4.1) and resistance to temperature cycling (9.4.2), ten specimens shall be tested for eachrequirement. Failure of more than one of the specimens in either test shall
49、 be cause for rejection of the entire lot.8.4 In the event of failure that would result in rejection of a lot, and at the discretion of the purchaser, a resample may be takenconsisting of double the number of samples originally tested. Tolerances for resamples shall be in the same ratio as specified above.9. Test Methods9.1 Coeffcient of Luminous Intensity:9.1.1 ProcedureMeasure coefficient of luminous intensity in accordance with Practice E809. Angular aperture of the sourceand angular aperture of the recei
