1、Designation: D 4289 03 (Reapproved 2008)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forElastomer Compatibility of Lubricating Greases and Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1
3、.1 This test method evaluates the compatibility of lubricat-ing greases and fluids with coupons cut from standard elas-tomer sheets (Practice D 3182) or, optionally, from SAESpecificationAMS 3217/2B (NBR-L) andAMS 3217/3A (CR)sheets. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changesin volume and
4、 Durometer A hardness that occur when elas-tomer coupons are totally immersed in a lubricant sample for70 h at either 100 or 150C or as required by the lubricantspecification.1.1.1 Some lubricant specifications may require differenttest conditions, such as longer durations or lower or highertemperat
5、ures. In such instances, the repeatability and reproduc-ibility values stated in Section 12 do not apply, and the user andsupplier should agree on acceptable limits of precision.NOTE 1The scope of this test method now includes the evaluation ofthe elastomer compatibility of both lubricating fluids a
6、nd greases. Testingof fluids was not included in Test Method D 428995 and earlier versions.1.2 This test method can also be used as a guide to evaluatethe compatibility of greases with rubber products not instandard sheet form (Practice D 3183).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
7、standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3.1 ExceptionWhen listed, Durometer A units shall beregarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st
8、andard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warningstatements, see 8.4-8.6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGreaseD 297 Test Methods f
9、or Rubber ProductsChemicalAnalysisD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equip
10、ment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD 3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Product Piecesfor Test Purposes from ProductsD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4950 Classification and Specification for Auto
11、motiveService Greases2.2 Federal Standards:3Federal Test Method Standard 791C, Method 3603.5,Swelling of Synthetic Rubbers2.3 U.S. Air Force Specifications:4USAF-539 Specification Bulletin for Standard ElastomerStocks1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Produ
12、cts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0.01 on Chemical and General Laboratory Tests.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 428903.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit t
13、he ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,700 Robbins Ave., Philadelp
14、hia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4USAF-539 is obsolete, but reproductions have been filed at ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1165.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
15、s.2.4 SAE Standards:5AMS 3217A Standard Elastomer StocksTest SlabsAMS 3217/2B Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L)Low Acrylonitrile, 6575AMS 3217/3A Test Slabs, Chloroprene (CR)6575NOTE 2USAF-539 was specified in Test Method D 428994 andearlier versions. This specification is obsolete and has
16、 been replaced bySAE StandardAMS 3217A. USAF-539 NBR-Lhas been replaced by SAEAMS 3217/2B (NBR-L), which is virtually identical. USAF-539 CR hasbeen replaced by the similar, but not identical, SAE AMS 3217/3A (CR).Elastomer sheets prepared to this latter specification are not known orexpected to pro
17、vide test results identical with those of the USAF-539counterpart.NOTE 3With respect to elastomer AMS 3217/2A, the elastomerspecification has been superseded by AMS 3217/2B. Per SAE, theelastomers are identical, however, the synthetic lubricant immersion fluidused to reference the elastomer has been
18、 exchanged from ARM-200 toAMS 3021. Reference fluid AMS 3021 better represents current marketaviation fluids.2.5 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD6300 D2PP, Version 4.43, Determination of Preci-sion and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for PetroleumProducts63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 elastomer, na natura
19、l or synthetic polymer havingthe rubber-like property of substantially recovering its size andshape after removal of a deforming force.3.1.2 hardness, nof an elastomer, the resistance to defor-mation or indentation.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method the hardness of anelastomer is measured with a
20、Shore Durometer A (see TestMethod D 2240).3.1.3 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.D 41753.1.4 lubricating grease, na semifluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of
21、 the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredientsimparting special properties are often included. D 2173.1.5 relative density, nthe ratio of the density of amaterial at temperature, t1, to the density of water a
22、t a referencetemperature, t2.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn this test method relative density isdetermined with the temperature of the elastomer and waterbeing equal and within the range from 20 to 25C, and thetemperature correction for the density of water is not applied.The term, relative density, replaces
23、the synonymous, depre-cated term, specific gravity, used in some earlier editions of thistest method.3.1.6 thickener, nin a lubricating grease, a substancecomposed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquidlubricant to form the products structure.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers
24、(such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, and capable of forming a relati
25、vely stable, gel-likestructure with the liquid lubricant. D 2173.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coupon, na test piece of specified dimensions cutfrom standard elastomer sheets. D 31823.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Symbols used in the calculation of hardness change(see Eq 1 in 10.1):DH = h
26、ardness change, Durometer A units,Hi= initial hardness, Durometer A units,Hf= final hardness, Durometer A units.3.3.2 Symbols used in the calculation of relative density(see Eq 2 in 10.2) and volume change (see Eq 3 in 10.3):RD = relative density,DV = volume change, %,M1 = initial mass of coupon in
27、air, g,M2 = initial mass of coupon and hanger wire in water lessmass of hanger wire partially submerged in water, g,M3 = final mass of coupon in air, g,M4 = final mass of coupon and hanger wire in water lessmass of hanger wire partially submerged in water, g.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A prepared e
28、lastomer coupon is measured for initialhardness (Durometer A), density or relative density (to ensurethat the coupon is within specified limits), and volume by waterdisplacement. The coupon is immersed in test grease or fluidand aged for 70 h at either 100C (for chloroprene and similarflex-resistant
29、 elastomers) or 150C (for nitrile and similarheat-resistant elastomers) or at other conditions as required bythe lubricant specification. The resulting changes in hardnessand volume are determined.5. Significance and Use5.1 Measurement of the changes in the volume and hardnessof an elastomer that oc
30、cur from immersion in a lubricatinggrease or fluid provides a means for evaluating relativecompatibility. Much of this test method was derived fromprocedures described in Test Method D 471 and Federal TestMethod 791C/3603.5. In contrast to these two test methods,which emphasize the evaluation of rub
31、ber and rubber-likecompounds, Test Method D 4289 was developed specifically toevaluate lubricating greases and fluids, especially those used inautomotive applications, although the test method can beapplied to lubricants used in industrial applications as well.Excepting the Shore DurometerA, this te
32、st method requires nospecialized, rubber-testing equipment. Virtually all other5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.6Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD6300. Originally produced in 2
33、006.D 4289 03 (2008)2equipment and supplies specified in the procedure are stockitems in lubricants laboratories.5.2 The volume and hardness-change values determined bythis test method do not duplicate similar changes that occur inelastomeric seals under actual service conditions. However,they can b
34、e correlated in many instances. In one such instance,the volume-change values determined by the antecedent of thistest method correlated (r2= 0.99) with those that occurredduring a vehicle test.7Because of wide variations in serviceconditions and differences in grease and elastomer formula-tions, co
35、rrelations between the results obtained with this testmethod and particular applications should be determined on anindividual basis.5.3 When the optional Reference ElastomersAMS 3217/2B(acrylonitrile-butadiene, NBR-L) and AMS 3217/3A (chloro-prene, CR) are used to evaluate compatibility, the results
36、 can beused to judge a service characteristic of lubricants. In thisrespect, this test method is useful for lubricant specifications(for example, Specification D 4950). Similarly, this test methodcan be used in specifications for lubricating fluids as well.5.4 With specifications requiring elastomer
37、s other than Ref-erence Elastomers AMS 3217/2B or AMS 3217/3A, couponscut from standard sheets (Practice D 3182) should be used.When the preparation of such coupons is not feasible, or thelubricant specification requires the use of rubber products thatdo not have a suitable size or configuration for
38、 use in preparingcoupons for testing (Practice D 3183), this test method can beused as a guide for evaluating compatibility.NOTE 4Inasmuch as the precision values apply only to the elastomersspecified in Annex A1 of Test Method D 4289, when a lubricantspecification requires some other elastomer, the
39、 user and supplier of thelubricant should agree to the values of acceptable precision. Such valuesmay or may not be the same as those of Test Method D 4289. It isrecommended that the agreed upon precision values be stated in the userslubricant specification.5.5 The results of this test method are mo
40、st applicable to theuse of lubricating greases and fluids in contact with elastomericseals, boots, O-rings, and similar products, where the physicaldemands on the elastomer are not extreme. In critical applica-tions where the lubricant will be in contact with rubber partssubject to severe flexing, e
41、xtreme temperatures, or similarstresses, other rubber properties, such as tensile strength andelongation, should also be evaluated as they may be moreindicative of the true compatibility characteristics.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAlthough greases and elastomers typicallyhave long shelf lives, there
42、 is potential for change in time.Therefore, in order to ensure acceptable precision in this testmethod, neither test greases nor test elastomers should be morethan approximately one year old.)6.1.1 Before testing with reference elastomers stored forextended periods (approaching one year or more) or
43、in anadverse environment (high ambient temperatures, solvent va-pors, and so forth), the elastomers should be checked forconformance with the requirements in Table A1.1.NOTE 5Experience has shown that storage conditions can affect theshelf life of the reference elastomers. Shelf life can be extended
44、 by storingelastomers in the dark in an inert atmosphere (such as a glass or metal, butnot plastic, container, for example, vacuum desiccator, in which the air hasbeen replaced by nonreactive gas (such as argon or nitrogen) at refrigera-tor temperatures. Elastomers should not be stored at temperatur
45、es lowerthan 5C because of crystallinity and solubility changes that can affect testperformance. Neither should they be stored at reduced pressures or inpermeable containers or wrappers which could allow them to be affectedby the normal atmosphere.7. Apparatus7.1 Sample Beaker, heat-resistant glass,
46、 Griffin low form,approximately 50 mm in diameter by 70 mm deep (100-mLnominal capacity), having volumetric markings.7.2 Beaker Cover, disposable, aluminum foil weighing(moisture) dish, with crimped sides and flat, smooth bottom,about 0.1 mm thick, having bottom inside diameter approxi-mately 52 mm
47、and a depth of approximately 14 mm, and acapacity of about 50 mL.7.3 Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of at least 1 mg,equipped with a suspension hook and a platform to locate ahydrostatic-weighing beaker above the balance pan.7.4 Hanger Wire, stainless steel, about 0.5-mm diameter(No. 25 U.
48、S. Steel Wire Gage or Imperial Wire Gage) ofsuitable length, having a fish-hook configuration, that is, witha suitably sized eye at one end and a hook configuration(approximately 8-mm gape) at the other.7.5 Coupon Suspension Wire, stainless steel, about 0.71 to0.72-mm diameter (No. 22 U.S. Steel Wir
49、e Gage or ImperialWire Gage), configured as shown in Fig. 1, to suspend thecoupon below the surface of a fluid sample.7.6 Laboratory Oven, circulating-air type, capable of main-taining the test temperature within6 2.5C and equipped withone or more grill-type, wire shelves.7.7 Shore Durometer A, stand-mounted type (see TestMethod D 2240).7.8 Coupon Cutting Die, optional, as shown in Fig. 2(recommended).8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Purity of ReagentsIt is intended that reagent gradechemicals be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, allr
