1、Designation: D4289 13 (Reapproved 2014)1Standard Test Method forElastomer Compatibility of Lubricating Greases and Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEAMS 3217/3B references were u
3、pdated editorially in October 2014.1. Scope1.1 This test method evaluates the compatibility of lubricat-ing greases and fluids with coupons cut from standard elasto-mer sheets (Practice D3182) or, optionally, from SAE Speci-fication AMS 3217/2C (NBR-L) and AMS 3217/3B (CR)sheets. Compatibility is ev
4、aluated by determining the changesin volume and Durometer A hardness that occur when elasto-mer coupons are totally immersed in a lubricant sample for 70h at either 100 or 150C or as required by the lubricantspecification.1.1.1 Some lubricant specifications may require differenttest conditions, such
5、 as longer durations or lower or highertemperatures. In such instances, the repeatability and reproduc-ibility values stated in Section 12 do not apply, and the user andsupplier should agree on acceptable limits of precision.NOTE 1The scope of this test method now includes the evaluation ofthe elast
6、omer compatibility of both lubricating fluids and greases. Testingof fluids was not included in Test Method D428995 and earlier versions.1.2 This test method can also be used as a guide to evaluatethe compatibility of greases with rubber products not instandard sheet form (Practice D3183).1.3 The va
7、lues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3.1 ExceptionWhen listed, Durometer A units shall beregarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
8、t is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warningstatements, see 8.4 8.6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetrat
9、ion of LubricatingGreaseD297 Test Methods for Rubber ProductsChemical Analy-sisD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nes
10、sD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4950 Classifica
11、tion and Specification for Automotive Ser-vice Greases2.2 Federal Standards:3Federal Test Method Standard 791C, Method 3603.5, Swell-ing of Synthetic Rubbers2.3 U.S. Air Force Specifications:4USAF-539 Specification Bulletin for Standard ElastomerStocks1This test method is under the jurisdiction of A
12、STM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.01 on Chemical and General Laboratory Tests.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 a
13、s D4289 13. DOI:10.1520/D4289-13R14E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standa
14、rdization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4USAF-539 is obsolete, but reproductions have been filed atASTM InternationalHeadquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1165.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
15、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 SAE Standards:5AMS 3217A Standard Elastomer StocksTest SlabsAMS 3217/2C Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L)Low Acrylonitrile, 6575AMS 3217/3B Test Slabs, Chloroprene (CR)6575NOTE 2USAF-539 was specified in Test M
16、ethod D428994 andearlier versions. This specification is obsolete and has been replaced bySAE Standard AMS 3217A. USAF-539 NBR-L was replaced by SAEAMS 3217/2C (NBR-L), which is virtually identical. USAF-539 CR hasbeen replaced by the similar, but not identical, SAE AMS 3217/3B (CR).Elastomer sheets
17、 prepared to this latter specification are not known orexpected to provide test results identical with those of the USAF-539counterpart.NOTE 3With respect to elastomer AMS 3217/2A, the elastomerspecification was superseded by AMS 3217/2B. Per SAE, the elastomersare identical, however, the synthetic
18、lubricant immersion fluid used toreference the elastomer has been exchanged from ARM-200 to AMS3021. Reference fluidAMS 3021 better represents current market aviationfluids.NOTE 4With respect to elastomer AMS 3217/2B, the elastomer is nolonger being made by the original supplier and has been superse
19、ded byAMS 3217/2C. This material is made by Rubber-Tech (Mr. Forest Back,or Leah Lark, LLarkDNACO.net, Rubber-Tech, 5208 Wadsworth Road,Dayton, Ohio 45414, phone 937-274-1114) and has been approved for useby SAE. Limited testing of the new material compared with AMS3217/2B material appears to show n
20、o bias but more in-depth evaluation isimpossible due to lack of the older material.2.5 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD6300 D2PP, Version 4.43, Determination of Preci-sion and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for PetroleumProducts63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 elastomer, na natural or synthetic polymer hav
21、ingthe rubber-like property of substantially recovering its size andshape after removal of a deforming force.3.1.2 hardness, nof an elastomer, the resistance to defor-mation or indentation.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method the hardness of anelastomer is measured with a Shore Durometer A (see Tes
22、tMethod D2240).3.1.3 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D41753.1.4 lubricating grease, na semifluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-p
23、hase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredientsimparting special properties are often included. D2173.1.5 relative density, nthe ratio of the density of amaterial at temperature, t1, to the density of water at a referencetemperature, t2
24、.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn this test method relative density isdetermined with the temperature of the elastomer and waterbeing equal and within the range from 20 to 25C, and thetemperature correction for the density of water is not applied.The term, relative density, replaces the synonymous, depre-cated
25、term, specific gravity, used in some earlier editions of thistest method.3.1.6 thickener, nin a lubricating grease, a substancecomposed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquidlubricant to form the products structure.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soa
26、ps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-likestructu
27、re with the liquid lubricant. D2173.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coupon, na test piece of specified dimensions cutfrom standard elastomer sheets. D31823.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Symbols used in the calculation of hardness change(see Eq 1 in 10.1):H = hardness change, Durometer A uni
28、ts,Hi= initial hardness, Durometer A units,Hf= final hardness, Durometer A units.3.3.2 Symbols used in the calculation of relative density(see Eq 2 in 10.2) and volume change (see Eq 3 in 10.3):RD = relative density,V = volume change, %,M1 = initial mass of coupon in air, g,M 2 = initial mass of cou
29、pon and hanger wire in water lessmass of hanger wire partially submerged in water, g,M3 = final mass of coupon in air, g,M4 = final mass of coupon and hanger wire in water lessmass of hanger wire partially submerged in water, g.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A prepared elastomer coupon is measured for
30、 initialhardness (Durometer A), density or relative density (to ensurethat the coupon is within specified limits), and volume by waterdisplacement. The coupon is immersed in test grease or fluidand aged for 70 h at either 100C (for chloroprene and similarflex-resistant elastomers) or 150C (for nitri
31、le and similarheat-resistant elastomers) or at other conditions as required bythe lubricant specification. The resulting changes in hardnessand volume are determined.5. Significance and Use5.1 Measurement of the changes in the volume and hardnessof an elastomer that occur from immersion in a lubrica
32、tinggrease or fluid provides a means for evaluating relativecompatibility. Much of this test method was derived fromprocedures described in Test Method D471 and Federal TestMethod 791C3603.5. In contrast to these two test methods,which emphasize the evaluation of rubber and rubber-likecompounds, Tes
33、t Method D4289 was developed specifically toevaluate lubricating greases and fluids, especially those used inautomotive applications, although the test method can be5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.6Available fro
34、m ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD6300. Originally produced in 2006.D4289 13 (2014)12applied to lubricants used in industrial applications as well.Excepting the Shore DurometerA, this test method requires nospecialized, rubber-testing equipment. Virtually all otherequipment and
35、 supplies specified in the procedure are stockitems in lubricants laboratories.5.2 The volume and hardness-change values determined bythis test method do not duplicate similar changes that occur inelastomeric seals under actual service conditions. However,they can be correlated in many instances. In
36、 one such instance,the volume-change values determined by the antecedent of thistest method correlated (r2= 0.99) with those that occurredduring a vehicle test.7Because of wide variations in serviceconditions and differences in grease and elastomerformulations, correlations between the results obtai
37、ned withthis test method and particular applications should be deter-mined on an individual basis.5.3 When the optional Reference ElastomersAMS 3217/2C(acrylonitrile-butadiene, NBR-L) and AMS 3217/3B(chloroprene, CR) are used to evaluate compatibility, theresults can be used to judge a service chara
38、cteristic oflubricants. In this respect, this test method is useful forlubricant specifications (for example, Specification D4950).Similarly, this test method can be used in specifications forlubricating fluids as well.5.4 With specifications requiring elastomers other than Ref-erence Elastomers AMS
39、 3217/2C or AMS 3217/3B, couponscut from standard sheets (Practice D3182) should be used.When the preparation of such coupons is not feasible, or thelubricant specification requires the use of rubber products thatdo not have a suitable size or configuration for use in preparingcoupons for testing (P
40、ractice D3183), this test method can beused as a guide for evaluating compatibility.NOTE 5Inasmuch as the precision values apply only to the elastomersspecified in Annex A1 of Test Method D4289, when a lubricant specifi-cation requires some other elastomer, the user and supplier of the lubricantshou
41、ld agree to the values of acceptable precision. Such values may ormay not be the same as those of Test Method D4289. It is recommendedthat the agreed upon precision values be stated in the users lubricantspecification.5.5 The results of this test method are most applicable to theuse of lubricating g
42、reases and fluids in contact with elastomericseals, boots, O-rings, and similar products, where the physicaldemands on the elastomer are not extreme. In critical applica-tions where the lubricant will be in contact with rubber partssubject to severe flexing, extreme temperatures, or similarstresses,
43、 other rubber properties, such as tensile strength andelongation, should also be evaluated as they may be moreindicative of the true compatibility characteristics.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAlthough greases and elastomers typicallyhave long shelf lives, there is potential for change in time.Therefo
44、re, in order to ensure acceptable precision in this testmethod, neither test greases nor test elastomers should be morethan approximately one year old.)6.1.1 Before testing with reference elastomers stored forextended periods (approaching one year or more) or in anadverse environment (high ambient t
45、emperatures, solventvapors, and so forth), the elastomers should be checked forconformance with the requirements in Table A1.1.NOTE 6Experience has shown that storage conditions can affect theshelf life of the reference elastomers. Shelf life can be extended by storingelastomers in the dark in an in
46、ert atmosphere (such as a glass or metal, butnot plastic, container, for example, vacuum desiccator, in which the air hasbeen replaced by nonreactive gas (such as argon or nitrogen) at refrigera-tor temperatures. Elastomers should not be stored at temperatures lowerthan 5C because of crystallinity a
47、nd solubility changes that can affect testperformance. Neither should they be stored at reduced pressures or inpermeable containers or wrappers which could allow them to be affectedby the normal atmosphere.7. Apparatus7.1 Sample Beaker, heat-resistant glass, Griffin low form,approximately 50 mm in d
48、iameter by 70 mm deep (100-mLnominal capacity), having volumetric markings.7.2 Beaker Cover, disposable, aluminum foil weighing(moisture) dish, with crimped sides and flat, smooth bottom,about 0.1 mm thick, having bottom inside diameter approxi-mately 52 mm and a depth of approximately 14 mm, and ac
49、apacity of about 50 mL.7.3 Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of at least 1 mg,equipped with a suspension hook and a platform to locate ahydrostatic-weighing beaker above the balance pan.7.4 Hanger Wire, stainless steel, about 0.5-mm diameter(No. 25 U.S. Steel Wire Gage or Imperial Wire Gage) ofsuitable length, having a fish-hook configuration, that is, witha suitably sized eye at one end and a hook configuration(approximately 8-mm gape) at the other.7.5 Coupon Suspension Wire, stainless steel, about 0.71 to0.72-mm diameter (No
