1、Designation: D4293 15Standard Specification forPhosphate Ester Based Fluids for Turbine Lubrication andSteam Turbine Electro-Hydraulic Control (EHC)Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements forphosphate este
3、r based fluids for turbine lubricants and electro-hydraulic control fluids, as delivered.1.2 The use of this type of fluid is restricted to turbinesystems that have been designed or modified to accommodatephosphate ester fluids.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No othe
4、r units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
5、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test
6、 Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color
7、-Indicator TitrationD1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) ofElectrical Insulating LiquidsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oilsan
8、d Synthetic FluidsD2422 Classification of Industrial Fluid Lubricants by Vis-cosity SystemD3427 Test Method for Air Release Properties of PetroleumOilsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating
9、 Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD7546 Test Method for Determination of Moisture in Newand In-Service Lubricating Oils and Additives by RelativeHumidity Sensor2.2 EN Standards:3EN 14832 Petroleum and Related ProductsDeterminationof the Oxidation Stability and Corrosivity of
10、 Fire-resistantPhosphate Ester FluidsEN 14833 Petroleum and Related ProductsDeterminationof the Hydraulic Stability of Fire Resistant PhosphateEster Fluids2.3 IEC Standard:4IEC 60247 Insulating LiquidsMeasurement of RelativePermittivity, Dielectric Dissipation Factor (tan d) and d.c.Resistivity1This
11、 specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.C0.01 on Turbine Oil Monitoring, Problems and Systems.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedi
12、n 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4293 83(2008). DOI:10.1520/D4293-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
13、y page onthe ASTM website.3Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/ or from Deutsches Institut frNormung e.V.(DIN), Am DIN-Platz, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany,http:/www.din.de.4Available from International Electrotechnical Co
14、mmission (IEC), 3, rue deVaremb, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 Energy Institute Stan
15、dard:5IP 510 Energy Institute StandardPetroleum ProductsDetermination of Organic Halogen ContentOxidativeMicrocoulometric Method2.5 ISO Standards:6ISO 760 Determination of WaterKarl Fischer Method(General Method)ISO 2160 Petroleum ProductsCorrosiveness to CopperCopper Strip TestISO 2592 Determinatio
16、n of Flash and Fire PointsCleveland Open Cup MethodISO 3016 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of Pour PointISO 3104 Petroleum ProductsTransparent and OpaqueLiquidsDetermination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-culation of Dynamic ViscosityISO 3170 Petroleum LiquidsManual SamplingISO 3448 Industrial Liqu
17、id LubricantsISO Viscosity Clas-sificationISO 3675 Crude Petroleum and Liquid PetroleumProductsLaboratory Determination of DensityHydrometer MethodISO 4259 Petroleum ProductsDetermination and Applica-tion of Precision Data in Relation to Methods of TestISO 4406 Hydraulic Fluid PowerFluidsMethod forC
18、oding the Level of Contamination by Solid ParticlesISO 6072 RubberCompatibility Between Hydraulic Flu-ids and Standard Elastomeric MaterialsISO 6247 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of FoamingCharacteristics of Lubricating OilsISO 6614 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of WaterSeparability of Petroleum
19、 Oils and Synthetic FluidsISO 6618 Petroleum Products and LubricantsDetermination ofAcid or Base NumberColour IndicatorTitration MethodISO 6619 Petroleum Products and LubricantsNeutralization NumberPotentiometric Titration MethodISO 7537 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of AcidNumberSemi-micro Colour
20、-indicator Titration MethodISO 8068 Lubricants, Industrial Oils and Related Products(Class L)Family T (Turbines)Specification for Lubri-cating Oils for TurbinesISO 9001 Quality Management SystemsISO 9120 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of Air-release Properties of Steam Turbine and Other OilsImpinge
21、r MethodISO 10050 Lubricants, Industrial Oils and Related Products(Class L)Family T (Turbines)Specifications of Tri-aryl Phosphate Ester Turbine Control Fluids (CategoryISO-L-TCD)ISO 11500 Hydraulic Fluid PowerDetermination of theParticulate Contamination Level of a Liquid Sample byAutomatic Particl
22、e Counting Using the Light-extinctionPrincipleISO 12185 Crude Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsDetermination of DensityOscillating U-tube MethodISO 14935 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of WickFlame Persistence of Fire-resistant FluidsISO 15597 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of Chlorineand Bromine C
23、ontentWavelength X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometryISO 20764 Petroleum and Related ProductsPreparation ofa Test Portion of High-boiling Liquids for the Determina-tion of Water ContentNitrogen Purge MethodISO 20823 Petroleum and Related ProductsDeterminationof the Flammability Characteristics of Fluids i
24、n Contactwith Hot SurfacesManifold Ignition Test3. Significance and Use3.1 This is a specification to define the minimum require-ments of fire-resistant fluids for satisfactory performance inturbine applications. Fire-resistant fluids are more difficult toignite and show little tendency to propagate
25、 a flame. The term“fire-resistant fluid” does not mean that the fluid will not burnif enough energy is supplied.4. Safety Precautions4.1 The fire safety tests are used to measure and describe theproperties of phosphate esters in response to heat and flameunder controlled laboratory conditions and sh
26、ould not beconsidered or used for the description or appraisal of the firehazard of the fluids under actual fire conditions.4.2 Fires that have occurred in operating turbines haveusually been caused by fluid or vapors contacting hot surfaces.For example, fluid that may spill and be absorbed intounpr
27、otected thermal insulation can experience an exothermicreaction with resultant, potential, rapid temperature increase.The ignition of the absorbed fluid can occur at temperaturesbelow the fluid auto-ignition temperature.5. Sampling5.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with the applicableclauses of Pra
28、ctice D4057 or ISO 3170. Drum shipments shallbe represented by an “all-levels sample” obtained by tubesampling.5.2 Clean, dry, and free sampling apparatus from anysubstance that might contaminate the fluid during the samplingprocess.5.3 Care shall be taken to ensure that the fluid is mixedproperly b
29、efore samples are withdrawn for the test and that thesamples are representative of the whole.5.4 The fluid shall normally meet the specification require-ments at the point where it passes from the supplier to the userunless other contractual arrangements have been made.6. Functional Property Require
30、ments6.1 Phosphate ester fluids used in turbine applications shallnot contain any viscosity-index improver.6.2 Most of the test methods specified in the tables containa precision statement. In cases of dispute, the proceduredescribed in ISO 4259 shall be used.5Available from Energy Institute, 61 New
31、 Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.6Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D4293 1526.3 The elastomer compatibility index shall be determinedaccording to ISO 6072 under the conditions l
32、isted in Table 1,according to product category. Table 2 gives guidelines onacceptable changes of properties.6.4 The turbine fluids shall also be compatible with allmaterial constituents of the lubrication and EHC systems.6.5 The fluid manufacturer should use Chemistry Laborato-ries with QA programs
33、accredited against the latest version ofISO 9001 to ensure that the product meets the requirementsspecified in this standard.6.6 The fluid manufacturer shall supply evidence to the userthat the fluid meets the requirements specified in this standardin the form of a “Certificate of Analysis” for each
34、 lot with theactual measured values. The Certificate of Analysis (COA)shall accompany each lot delivered to the user. The content ofthe COAmay be separately negotiated with the user dependingon the application criticality.6.7 If the fluid is more than 12 months old at the time ofreceipt, the product
35、 shall be retested by the Manufacturer orVendor and a new COA issued.6.8 The maximum fluid ISO Cleanliness Codes are providedin Table 3 and Table 4. Although fluid as manufactured shouldmeet this requirement, contamination can occur during trans-portation and storage. It is therefore good practice t
36、o filter thefluid when transferring from drums into the turbine system.7. Specification Tables7.1 Specification for turbine lubricating oils7.1.1 Requirements for phosphate ester fluids used as tur-bine lubricants are shown in Table 3.7.1.2 The choice of viscosity grade for use in a particularturbin
37、e should comply with turbine manufacturers recommen-dations. Usually ISO 32 or ISO 46 viscosity grades (VG) areused for lubrication of main bearings, hydrogen seals andturning gearboxes.7.2 Specification for Steam Turbine EHC Fluids:7.2.1 Requirements for phosphate ester fluids used in EHCsystems ar
38、e shown in Table 4.7.2.2 Typical viscosity grade used for EHC application isISO 32 or ISO 46.7.2.3 EHC systems with high pressure servo-valves arevulnerable to electro-kinetic wear. High conductivity maycause erosion of the valve spools.7.2.4 Chlorine, in the form of chloride ions, can alsopromote e
39、lectro-kinetic wear in high pressure systems.7.2.5 High air release value can cause loss of pump suctionleading to a low pressure trip, sluggish governor controls,accelerated fluid aging/oxidation, and bubble-choked filters.7.2.6 Foam formation can cause pump cavitation, overflowof reservoirs, inade
40、quate lubrication, and inability to achievefull flow conditions.TABLE 1 Test Conditions According to ISO 6072 for Determina-tion of Elastomer Compatibility IndexAFluid SuitableElastomerTest Tem-perature(C)Examples ofTest Duration (hrs)B, CAryl phosphateesterFKM 2 100 168 1000EPDM 1 100AThis material
41、 is reproduced from ISO 8068:2008Table 1 with permission of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI) on behalf of the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO). No part of this material may be copied orreproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise or made availabl
42、eon the Internet, a public network, by satellite or otherwise without the prior writtenconsent of the American National Standard Institute, 25 West 43rd 155 Street,New York, NY 10036.BThe elastomer test temperatures for FKM2 and EPDM1 are 150 C and 130 C,respectively, in Table 1 of ISO 8068.CThe tes
43、t duration of 1000 h is recommended for evaluation of elastomercompatibility with fluids which cause longer term changes to the elastomer.D4293 153TABLE 2 Guidelines on Acceptable Changes of Properties, According to ISO 6072A, BImmersion Time (h) Maximum Volume Swell(%)Maximum VolumeShrinkage (%)Har
44、dness Changes(IRHD)Maximum Tensile StressChange (%)Maximum ElongationChange (%)168 15 4 8 20 201000 20 5 10 50 50AThis material is reproduced from ISO 8068:2008Table 2 with permission of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on behalf of the International Organizationfor Standardization (
45、ISO). No part of this material may be copied or reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise or made available on the Internet,a public network, by satellite or otherwise without the prior written consent of the American National Standard Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York,
46、 NY 10036.BThe limits shown for seal compatibility are for reference purpose and should not be taken as the direct basis on which elastomer compatibility is to be determined,because compatibility evaluation also depends on the purpose and conditions of use.TABLE 3 Requirements for Fire-Resistant Pho
47、sphate Ester LubricantsAProperty Unit Viscosity Grade Test MethodISO Viscosity Grade - 32 46 ASTM D2422/ISO 3448Appearance rating Clear and bright, no visible particu-late matter under visible light at ambi-ent temperatureVisualKinematic Viscositymm2/s ASTM D445/ISO 3104at 0 C max 2000 2500at 40 C m
48、in 28.8 41.4at 40 C max 35.2 50.6Pour Point (max) C 15 15 ASTM D97/ISO 3016Density at 15 C (max) kg/m31200 1200 ASTM D1298/ISO 12185 or ISO 3675Fire Point (min) C 300 300 ASTM D92/ISO 2592Manifold-Ignition Test (min) C 650 650 ISO 20823Wick-flame Persistence (max) s 10 10 ISO 14935Acid Number (max)
49、mg KOH/g 0.1 0.1 ASTM D974/ISO 6618 orASTM D664/ISO 6619Water content (max) % (m/m) 0.10 0.10 ASTM D6304/ISO 760 or ISO 20764 or ASTMD7546Foaming (tendency/stability) (max)mL/mL ASTM D892/ISO 6247Sequence 1 at 24 C 150/0 150/0Sequence 2 at 93 C 30/0 30/0Sequence 3 at 24 C after 93 C 150/0 150/0Air release time at 50 C (max) minute 5 6 ASTM D3427/ISO 9120Copper corrosion (3 h at 100 C) max rating 1 1 ASTM D130/ISO 2160Demulsibility (max time to reach 3 mL emulsion at 54 C) minute 15 15
