1、Designation: D4391 93a (Reapproved 2006)1Standard Terminology Relating toThe Burning Behavior of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D 123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. Theyare
3、 published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography ofrelated literature is given in Appendix X1.1NOTEThis terminology was updated editorially in September 2011.afterflame, npersistent flaming of a material after theigniti
4、on source has been removed. D13.92 D4391after-flame time, nthe length of time for which a materialcontinues to flame after the ignition source has been re-moved. D13.92 D4391afterglow, nglow in material after the removal of an externalignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) offla
5、ming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-dering.)afterglow time, nthe time afterglow continues after thecessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source.D13.92 D4391burning behavior, nall the changes that take place whenmaterials or products are exposed to a specified igniti
6、onsource.charring, nthe formation of carbonaceous residue as theresult of pyrolysis or incomplete bustible textile, na textile that will ignite and burn orthat will give off vapors that will ignite and burn whensubjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-mable textile, noncombustible te
7、xtile.)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either asglow or flames.DISCUSSIONSome oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-tion outside the visible spectrum.dangerously flammable textile, n not defined. This term isimp
8、lied in the Standard for the Flammability of ClothingTextiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable FabricsAct (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can beinferred. (See also flammable textile.)embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residue as theresult of pyrolysis or incomplete combusti
9、on.fire, nas related to textile flammability, an uncontrolledconflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning asevidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a highintensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burningwaste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building orforest
10、 fire.flame, nas related to textile flammability, a hot luminouszone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that isundergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in sizeand shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.(Compare fire.)DISCUSSIONExamples are a match flame, candle f
11、lame, or a Bunsenburner gas flame.flame resistance, nthe property of a material wherebyflaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibitedfollowing application of a flaming or nonflaming source ofignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignitionsource.DISCUSSIONFlame resistance can
12、be an inherent property of thebasic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.The degree of flame resistance exhibited by a specific material duringtesting may vary with different test conditions.flame resistant, adjhaving flame resistance.DISCUSSION“Flame resistant” is the go
13、vernment mandated descrip-tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-mance standards or specifications when the product is tested by aspecific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-tant” is a relative term and is used to compare one material to another.f
14、lame retardant, adjnot defined. This term should not beused as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-treated” and “flame-retardant treatment”.flame retardant, na chemical used to impart flame resis-tance.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is t
15、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D4391 93(2000). DOI:10.1520/D4391-93AR06E01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
16、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.flame-retardant-treated, adjhaving received a flame-retardant treatment.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply totextiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic propertiesof the material or the fiber-forming p
17、olymer.flame-retardant treatment, na process for incorporating oradding flame retardant(s) to a material or product.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant treatment” does not apply totextiles that are inherently flame resistant due to the intrinsic propertiesof the material or the fiber-forming polymer
18、.flame spread, nthe propagation of a flame away from thesource of ignition. D13.92 D4391flame spread time, nthe time taken by a flame on a burningmaterial to travel a specified distance under specified con-ditions. D13.92 D4391flammability, nthose characteristics of a material that per-tain to its r
19、elative ease of ignition and relative ability tosustain combustion.flammable textile, nany combustible textile that burns witha flame. (See also flammability.) (Compare combustibletextile, noncombustible textile.)flaming debris, nmaterial which continues to flame as itseparates and moves away from t
20、he flaming source.D13.92 D4391glow, nvisible, flameless combustion of the solid phase of amaterial. (See also afterglow and smoldering.)DISCUSSIONA solid may both glow and give off combustibles thatburn in the gas phase (that is, flame) but the two are not necessarilyinterdependent. Aspects of glow
21、not involving combustion are definedin dictionaries of general terms.heat durability, nthe extent to which a material retains itsuseful properties at ambient air conditions, following itsexposure to a specified temperature and environment for aspecified time and its return to the ambient air conditi
22、ons.(Compare heat resistance.)heat durable, adjhaving heat durability.heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by the amount ofpower per unit area.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for heat flux is watts per square meter (W/m2).heat resistance, nthe extent to which a material retainsuseful properties as meas
23、ured during exposure of the mate-rial to a specified temperature and environment for aspecified time. (Compare heat durability.)heat resistant, adjhaving heat resistance.ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.inherent flame-resistance, nas applied to textiles, flameresistance that derives from an e
24、ssential characteristic of thefiber from which the textile is made. (Compare flameresistance.)inherently-flame-resistant, adjhaving inherent flame-resistance.melting, nthe liquefaction of material under the influence ofheat. D13.92 D4391noncombustible textile, na textile that will neither ignitenor
25、give off vapors that will ignite when subjected toexternal sources of ignition. (Compare combustible textile.)nonflammable textile, nany combustible textile that burnswithout a flame. (See also glow, smoldering.) (Compareflammable textile, combustible textile, noncombustibletextile.)self-extinguishi
26、ng, nnot defined. The Board of Directors ofASTM has ruled that the term “self-extinguishing” shall notbe used in ASTM standards. It has no meaning except inassociation with a specific test method or specific conditionsof burning.shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensions of anobject or materia
27、l.smoldering, nthe combustion of a solid material withoutaccompaniment of flame but generally with the productionof smoke. (See also afterglow and glow.)DISCUSSIONSmoldering can be initiated by small or low tempera-ture sources of ignition, especially in loose materials, and may bepresent for an ext
28、ended period of time after which a flame might beproduced.wall and top material, nany pliable planar structure used asa nonbase surface in camping tentage including roofs, sides,windows, screens, door, awnings, flies, and canopies.D13.92 D4391INDEXING TERMSThis standard is indexed under the followin
29、g terms: burning behavior, flammability, and terminology.D4391 93a (2006)12APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RELATED LITERATURE(1) “Establishing World Flammability Terms”, Textile WorldVol 126 No. 6, June 1975, pp. 107109.(2) ASTM Standard E176“ Terminology Relating to FireStandards.”(3) Gaskill
30、, James R., “Concept of Smoke and Fire Gases,”Standardization News Vol 7 No. 12, December 1979, pp.2324.(4) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 1” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS4880/1.(5) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 2” Draft
31、 International Standard ISO/DIS4880/2.(6) Warren Y. Kimbal, Fire Department Terminology, 4th ed.,National Fire Protection Association, Boston (1970).(7) Kuvshinoff, B. W., Fire Sciences Dictionary, John Wileyor through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4391 93a (2006)13
