1、Designation: D 4485 09An American National StandardStandard Specification forPerformance of Engine Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specification covers all the currently
3、active American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oilperformance categories that have been defined in accordance with theASTM consensus process.Thereare organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as theInternational Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committ
4、ee (ILSAC), American PetroleumInstitute (API SM Specification), and the Association des Constructeurs Europeans dAutomobiles(ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the use of currentASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appendix of this document for
5、information.In the ASTM system, a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system isopen-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oilperformance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine builders inma
6、king lubricant recommendations, and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifyingproducts for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted inaccordance with theAmerican Chemistry Council (ACC) PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Codeof Practice.Other servic
7、e categories not shown in this document have historically been used to describe engineoil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE) (see 3.1.2). SA isnot included because it does not have specified engine performance requirements. SG is not includedbecause it was a categ
8、ory that could not be licensed for use in the API Service Symbol after Dec. 31,1995. The others are not included because they are based on test methods for which engine parts, testfuel, or reference oils, or a combination thereof, are no longer available. Also, the ASTM 5-Car andSequence VI Procedur
9、es are obsolete and have been deleted from the category Energy Conserving andEnergy Conserving II (defined by Sequence VI). Information on excluded older categories andobsolete test requirements can be found in SAE J183.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty andheavy-duty i
10、nternal combustion engines used under a variety ofoperating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, andoff-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oilapplications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawnmowers, motorcycles
11、, railroad locomotives, or oceangoingvessels.1.3 This specification is based on engine test results thatgenerally have been correlated with results obtained on refer-ence oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline ordiesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, itis base
12、d on engine test results that generally have beencorrelated with results obtained on reference oils run ingasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil catego-ries prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspectsof engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests inthis s
13、pecification. In addition, when assessing oil performance,it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operatingconditions.1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests thathelp evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance notcovered by the engine tests in this specification.
14、1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published May 2009. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition appro
15、ved in 2008 as D 448508.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.5 The test procedures referred to in this specification thatare not yet standards are listed in Table 1.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
16、standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6.1 ExceptionsThe roller follower shaft wear in TestMethod D 5966 is in mils. Appendix X2 descriptions areverbatim API language, which contains a few non-SI units.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Fla
17、sh and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD 892 Test Method for Foaming
18、 Characteristics of Lubri-cating OilsD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3244 Practice for Utilization of Test Data to DetermineConfor
19、mance with SpecificationsD 4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD 4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High ShearRate and High Temperature by Tapered Bearing SimulatorD 4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low TemperatureD 49
20、51 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryD5119 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the CRC L-38 Spark-Ignition Engine3D 5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low ShearRate, Viscosity/Tempera
21、ture Dependence of LubricatingOils Using a Temperature-Scanning TechniqueD 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (I
22、CP-AES)D 5290 Test Method for Measurement of Oil Consumption,Piston Deposits, and Wear in a Heavy-Duty High-SpeedDiesel EngineNTC-400 Procedure3D 5293 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oilsand Base Stocks Between 5 and 35C Using Cold-Cranking SimulatorD 5302 Test Method for Evaluation of
23、Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in aSpark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled withGasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions3D 5480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by GasChromatography3D 5481 Test Method for Measuring Apparent V
24、iscosity atHigh-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Cap-illary ViscometerD 5533 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIE, Spark-Ignition Engine3D 5800 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of LubricatingOils by the Noack MethodD 5844 Test Method for Evaluation of
25、Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)3D 5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils inTwo-Stroke Cycle Turbo-Supercharged 6V92TA DieselEngineD 5966 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils forRoller Follower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel EngineD 5967 Test Method for Evaluati
26、on of Diesel Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel EngineD 5968 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 121CD 6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Char-acteristics of Lubricating OilsD 6202 Test Method for Automotive Engine Oils on theFuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-D
27、utyTrucks inthe Sequence VIA Spark Ignition EngineD 6278 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Con-taining Fluids Using a European Diesel InjectorApparatusD 6335 Test Method for Determination of High Tempera-ture Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil SimulationTestD 6417 Test Method for Estim
28、ation of Engine Oil Volatilityby Capillary Gas ChromatographyD 6483 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-9 Diesel EngineD 6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust PreventiveCharacteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD 6593 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibiti
29、on of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su
30、mmary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.TABLE 1 Test ProceduresTest Procedure ASTM PublicationsAT-6 RR: D021219BT-7 RR: D021220CISM under developmentDISB under developmentEC13 under developmentFAResearch Reports are available from ASTM International Headquarters.Request by Research Report No.BMulti
31、cylinder Engine Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Lubricants-Mack T-6.CMulticylinder Engine Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Lubricants-MackT-7.DMulticylinder Engine Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Lubricants-CumminsISM.EMulticylinder Engine Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Lubricant
32、s-CumminsISB.FMulticylinder Engine Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Lubricants-Caterpillar C13.D4485092and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Con-ditionsD 6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135CD 6618 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in Diese
33、lFour-Stroke Cycle Supercharged 1M-PC Single CylinderOil Test EngineD 6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in aHigh Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar1P Test ProcedureD 6709 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR Oil
34、Test Engine)D 6750 Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in aHigh-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine1K Proce-dure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % FuelSulfur)D 6794 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterabil-ity of Engine Oils After Treatment with Various Amountsof Water a
35、nd a Long (6-h) Heating TimeD 6795 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterabil-ity of Engine OilsAfter Treatment with Water and Dry Iceand a Short (30-min) Heating TimeD 6837 Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Auto-motive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Carsand Light-Duty Truc
36、ks in Sequence VIB Spark IgnitionEngineD 6838 Test Method for Cummins M11 High Soot TestD 6891 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition EngineD 6894 Test Method for Evaluation of Aeration Resistanceof Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automo-ti
37、ve Diesel EngineD 6896 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Used Engine Oils at Low Tempera-tureD 6922 Test Method for Determination of Homogeneityand Miscibility in Automotive Engine OilsD 6923 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in aHigh Speed, Single-Cylind
38、er Diesel EngineCaterpillar1R Test ProcedureD 6975 Test Method for Cummins M11 EGR TestD 6984 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition EngineD 6987/D 6987M Test Method for Evaluation of DieselEngine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation DieselEngineD
39、7097 Test Method for Determination of Moderately HighTemperature Piston Deposits byThermo-Oxidation EngineOil Simulation TestTEOST MHTD 7109 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Con-taining Fluids Using a European Diesel InjectorApparatusat 30 and 90 CyclesD 7156 Test Method for Evaluation of
40、Diesel Engine Oils inthe T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD 7216 Test Method for Determining Automotive EngineOil Compatibility with Typical Seal ElastomersD 7320 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition EngineD 7422 Test Method for Evaluati
41、on of Diesel Engine Oils inthe T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers Standards:4SAE J183 Engine Oil Perform
42、ance and Engine ServiceClassificationSAE J300 Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J1423 Passenger Car and Light-Duty Truck Energy-Conserving Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J2643 Standard Reference Elastomers (SRE) for Char-acterizing the Effects on Vulcanized Rubber2.3 American Petroleum Institute Publicatio
43、n:5API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System(EOLCS)2.4 Government Standard:6DOD CID A-A-52039A (SAE 5W-30, 10W-30, and 15W-40)2.5 American Chemical Council Code:7ACC Petroleum Additives Product Approval Code ofPractice3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equ
44、ipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines.3.1.2 category, nin engine oils, a designation such as SH,SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, EnergyConserving, and so forth, for a given level of performance inspecified engine and
45、bench tests.3.1.3 classification, nin engine oils, the systematic ar-rangement into categories in accordance with different levels ofperformance in specified engine and bench tests.3.1.4 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction and wearbetween the moving parts within an engine, and also serves as
46、a coolant.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt can contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation, and foaming are examples.3.1.5 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-eration, characterized by average speeds, power output,
47、 andinternal temperatures that are generally close to the potentialmaximums.3.1.6 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at orclose to its peak output.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warre
48、ndale, PA 150960001.5Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.7Available fromAmerican Chem
49、ical Council, 1300 Wilson Blvd.,Arlington, VA22209.D44850933.1.6.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically in-stalled in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, andconstruction equipment.3.1.7 light-duty, adjin internal combustion engine opera-tion, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are generally much lower than thepotential maximums.3.1.8 light-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to be normally operated at substan-tially less than its peak output.3.1.8.1 Discussio
