1、Designation: D 4504 94 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Specification forMolded Polyethylene Open-Head-Pails for IndustrialShipping of Nonhazardous Goods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4504; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers molded polyethylene, open-head, self-supporting, nonreu
3、sable pails intended for the pack-aging and transportation of nonhazardous goods. Pails are tohave volume capacities between 1 and 7 gal (3.8 to 26.5 L).1.2 Pails intended to contain hazardous goods (materials)shall be in accordance with and tested to United StatesDepartment of Transportation Code o
4、f Federal Regulations(CFR) Title 49, Parts (100199).1.3 The purpose of this specification is to establish perfor-mance requirements and test methods for molded open-headpolyethylene pails.1.4 Additives for the resin used and design of the pails areleft to the discretion of the supplier, within the a
5、llowable limitsof regulatory and performance requirements.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the testmethod portions, Section 10, of this specification: This stan-dard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, ifany, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
6、 the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of DynamicV
7、iscosity)D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of ShippingContainersD 1972 Practice for Generic Marking of Plastic ProductsD 1975 Test Method for Environmental Stress Crack Resis-tance of Plastic Injection Molded Open-Head PailsD 4577 T
8、est Method for Compression Resistance of aContainer Under Constant LoadD 5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers byFree FallE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2.2 Other Documents:National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC)3Uniform Freight Classification (UFC)4Code of
9、 Federal Regulations Title 49 Parts 100199 (CFR49)53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, see Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 open-head paila pail with a full-diameter unre-stricted opening at the top, and designe
10、d to be carried by hand.The pail body is usually of a tapered design to provide fornesting of pails during transportation and storage, prior tofilling of contents. After filling of contents, the pail lid isapplied to the pail body, providing a sealed container forstorage and shipment of the contents
11、. The pail lid may alsohave openings or fitments to allow for dispensing of contentswithout removing the lid. These openings are sealed withclosures.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe definition for open-head pail forhazardous materials differs (see Section 49 CFR Parts 100 to199).4. Classification4.1 Products t
12、o be packaged in open-head pails may beliquid (Note 1), solid, paste, granular, or powder form.NOTE 1For the purpose of establishing test requirements, a liquid ishere defined as having a viscosity of less than 5.0 Pa.S at a temperature of73.46 3.6F (23 6 2C), using the method described in Test Meth
13、odD 445.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainer Environment.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved i
14、n 2000 as D 4504 (2000)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Motor Frei
15、ght Traffic Association (NMFTA), 2200Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22302.4Available from National Railroad Freight Committee, Suite 1120, 222 SouthRiverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washing
16、ton, DC 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Molded polyethylene open-head pails are classified asfollows:4.2.1 Pails for liquids.4.2.2 Pails for nonliquids.5. Ordering Information5.1 A summary of ordering requir
17、ements, detailed in othersections of this specification include the following:5.1.1 Materials of construction (see Section 6).5.1.2 Ultraviolet protection (see 6.2).5.1.3 Other materials not specifically covered in this speci-fication (see 6.3 and 6.4).5.1.4 Pail capacity (see 7.2).5.1.5 Closure req
18、uirements, including tamper evident fea-ture (see 7.3).5.1.6 Provisions for handling.5.1.7 Compatibility testing (see 7.8 and 7.9).5.1.8 Inspection (see Section 11).5.1.9 Marking (see Section 13).5.1.10 Intended contents.5.1.11 Whether pressure testing is required.6. Materials6.1 Materials for the c
19、onstruction of the pail shall becompatible with the intended contents. Effects of impact,vibration, temperature, warehouse stacking, and ultravioletexposure should be considered.6.2 If ultraviolet protection is required, it shall be providedby the addition of carbon black or other suitable pigments
20、withultraviolet stabilizers and inhibitors. These additives should becompatible with the contents and should retain their effective-ness during the life of the pail.6.3 Materials for purposes other than ultraviolet protectionmay be added, provided such additives permit the pail to meetthe requiremen
21、ts of this specification.6.4 Used materials, except regrind from the same concur-rent production process shall not be acceptable for manufac-turing new pails unless otherwise specified.7. Other Requirements7.1 The pail shall show good workmanship such as absenceof flashing, dents, and scratched surf
22、aces.7.2 CapacityPails covered by this specification shall berange in rated (marked) capacity from 1 to 7 gal (3.8 to 26.5 L).Minimum actual liquid capacity shall not be less than ratedcapacity plus 4 %, and maximum actual capacity shall not begreater than 4 % above rated capacity plus one quart, me
23、asuredwith cover attached and contents and pail at 73.4 6 5F (23.86 3C).7.3 ClosureThe closure for the pail (when used) shall bein compliance with carrier regulatory requirements and shallensure protection of contents from leakage, ease of closure, andremoval. Gaskets, when used with the closure, an
24、d the closure,shall be compatible with the intended contents.7.4 Drop Strength The pails shall show no evidence ofrupture, cracks, or leakage when tested in accordance with10.2.1.7.5 Stacking StrengthTwo vertically stacked pails shallwithstand testing without sidewall buckling sufficient to causedam
25、age and shall have a total top-to-bottom deflection of bothpails of not more than 1 in. (25.4 mm), when tested inaccordance with 10.2.2. In addition, there shall be no evidenceof leakage or sifting of contents from the pail when tested inaccordance with 10.2.2.2.7.6 Vibration (Stack)The pails shall
26、show no evidence ofrupture, cracks, or leakage when tested in accordance with10.2.3.7.7 Repetitive Shock Test (Optional)The pails shall showno evidence of rupture, cracks, or leakage when tested inaccordance with 10.2.4.7.8 Compatibility, PermeationThe pail shall perform sat-isfactorily when tested
27、in accordance with 10.2.5.7.9 Resistance to Environmental Stress CrackingThe pailshall perform satisfactorily when tested in accordance with10.2.5.3.7.10 Special RequirementsPail requirements, additionalto those in 7.2 through 7.9, if needed by a purchaser, must bespecified in the procurement docume
28、nt and as agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier.8. Sampling8.1 LottingA lot shall consist of all pails of one size anddesign, produced from the same materials and under essentiallythe same manufacturing conditions and offered for delivery atone time.8.2 Sampling Pails Select sample pails for test at
29、randomfrom a continuous production lot. As a minimum, the numberof pails required is 17 as outlined for design qualification tests(see Section 10 and Supplementary Requirements).9. Specimen Preparation9.1 Prepare pail specimens in accordance with NMFC, item258 and UFC Rule 40, where applicable, and
30、as agreedbetween the pail purchaser and supplier.10. Methods of Testing Pails for Design Qualification10.1 GeneralThe test procedures described in this sectionare to be used to determine physical performance capability ofa specific design and thereby, to qualify such a design under theperformance re
31、quirements of this specification. Additionalsampling and testing of these pails, as may be agreed uponbetween purchaser and supplier, is not precluded by thissection. Test methods to determine compatibility of the con-tents (lading) with the pail will depend on the specific contentsto be contained.
32、If the available technical information and prioruse experience cannot substantiate an application decision, itshall be the responsibility of the shipper of the filled pail toensure that the content is compatible with the pail, and that ifthe content is liquid, that it will not permeate to an extent
33、thata damaging condition could be caused during transportation,storage, and handling.10.2 Specific Test Methods for Design Qualification:10.2.1 Drop Strength Test:10.2.1.1 Perform drop strength test on pails intended fornonhazardous liquids and nonliquids as follows:10.2.1.2 Perform drop tests in ac
34、cordance with Test MethodD 5276 (without the rupture hazard).D 4504 94 (2005)210.2.1.3 Conditioning PailsFill each of nine pails to nomore than the marked gross weight at normal outage with thematerial to be contained, or a material of similar density andviscosity. Securely close the cover, and stab
35、ilize the tempera-ture of the pails and contents at 0F (18C). Then exposethem at that temperature for a minimum of 4 h. At the end ofthe temperature conditioning period, remove the pails andimmediately perform the drop test.10.2.1.4 Drop Test Procedure (see Test Method D 5276)Test the pails with a 4
36、 ft. (1.22 m) drop. Use three pails perorientation: ( 1) The pail striking flat on its side, (2)Onthebottom chime with the center of gravity of the pails directlyabove the point of impact, and (3) The pail striking flat on thebottom. Do not use any one pail for more than one drop. Forpails containin
37、g liquid, a loss of a few drops through theclosure or gasket area at impact is not to be considered failureif 5 min after dropping, the pails are rolled for a distance equalto twice its circumference, and no further leakage occurs.Otherwise, leakage or sifting out of contents constitutes failure.NOT
38、E 2Uniform Freight Classification, Rule 40 and National MotorFreight Classification, Item 258 require a 45 angle at impact.10.2.2 Stacking StrengthThe stacking test shall conformto Test Method D 4577. If a compression testing machine isused, it shall be capable of applying a constant force to anaccu
39、racy of 61 % when determined in accordance with Prac-tices E4.10.2.2.1 Conditioning Pails for Stacking Strength TestFilltwo sample pails with intended contents, or a material ofsimilar properties, to nominal capacity and close securely as iffor use. Expose the filled pails to a temperature of at lea
40、st130F (54.4C) for 4 h after its contents have attained atemperature of at least 130F. Immediately proceed to test forstacking strength.10.2.2.2 Stacking Strength Test Procedure (see Test MethodD 4577)Stack the one pail on top of the other on a flathorizontal surface in an ambient temperature enviro
41、nment of73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C).Apply a top-load mass of 600 lb (272kg) evenly to the top rim of the top pail and leave in place fora minimum of 48 h. Observe for collapse, leakage of contents,and overall stack deflection of both pails at the conclusion ofthe test period of 48 h. Remove the top pail,
42、then after waitingfor a minimum of 5 min, turn the bottom pail on its side, rollit a distance equivalent to twice its circumference and observefor leakage or sifting of contents. Any leakage or sifting ofcontents constitutes failure.NOTE 3The forces for stacking test are a minimum based uponrequirem
43、ents of NMFC, Item 258 and UFC Rule 40. Consideration shouldbe given to using a stacking force based upon actual shipping experience.NOTE 4Caution: The potential exists for catastrophic failure causingan instability of the applied top load. Precautionary steps should be taken(that is, through restra
44、ining the top load) to reduce the chance of injury tothe operator or damage to surrounding equipment.10.2.3 Vibration Test (Vertical Column Stack ResonanceTest)Test three vertically stacked pails by vibrating asfollows.10.2.3.1 Perform vibration test on pails for nonhazardousliquids and nonliquids i
45、n accordance with the vibration testrequirements of NMFC, Item 258, and UFC, Rule 40, using theprocedures of Methods D 999, Method C, but restricting theresonant frequency dwell to a vertical linear motion for aperiod of 1 h.10.2.3.2 ResultsRemove each pail from the table at onceafter vibrating, and
46、 turn it on its side. Then roll it a distanceequal to twice its circumference. Observe for leakage or siftingof contents. Failure of any pail or leakage shall be cause forrejection of the lot (see Section 12).10.2.4 Repetitive Shock Test (Optional):10.2.4.1 The repetitive shock test shall conform to
47、 MethodsD 999 (Method A 1).10.2.4.2 Condition Pails Fill each of three pails to nomore than the marked gross weight at normal outage with thematerial to be contained, or a material of similar density andviscosity. Securely close the cover and condition to 73.4 63.6F (23 6 2C).10.2.4.3 Perform the re
48、petitive shock test on three pails,oriented in their normal shipping position, in accordance withMethods D 999, Method A 1, for a period of 1 h. Remove thepails from the table at once after vibrating. Then turn the pailson their sides and rotate them a distance equal to twice itscircumference. Obser
49、ve for leaking or sifting of contents. Anyleakage or sifting of contents constitutes failure.10.2.5 Compatibility, Permeation, and Environmental StressCrack ResistanceFor each application involving contentsthat are not proven in a particular pail by a period of successfuluse, conduct tests with the pail and its contents prior to the firstshipment of that pail with these contents to ensure that they arecompatible, that there is no environmental stress cracking, andthat there is no permeation of the contents to an extent that pailfailure pro
