1、Designation: D 4594 96 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forEffects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4594; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determiningthe effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength a
3、ndelongation properties of geotextiles.1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextilesis reported as the change in tensile strength and elongationbetween tests performed as directed in Test Method D 5035,inthe standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests per-formed under conditi
4、ons at which the geotextile is expected toperform in the field.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values stated in inch-pound units are providedfor information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
5、its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1-7.1.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for T
6、extilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, nair
7、maintainedat relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and at a temperature of 216 2C (70 6 4F).3.1.2 temperature stability, nfor a geotextile, the percentchange in tensile strength or in percent elongation as measuredat a specified temperature and compared to values obtained atthe standard conditions for tes
8、ting geotextiles.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D 123 and Terminology D 4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Specimens of a geotextile are conditioned at selectedtemperatures in an environmental chamber attached to a tensiletesting machine. While mainta
9、ining these temperatures, 2 in.cut or ravel strip tensile tests are performed as directed in TestMethod D 5035. The same tests are conducted as control underthe standard laboratory test conditions. Tensile strength andpercent elongation properties obtained at various test tempera-tures are recorded.
10、 Changes in strength characteristics due tothe effects of temperature are determined.4.2 The temperatures used for conditioning and testing thegeotextiles are the temperatures at which the geotextile willperform or are typically exposed to in the field.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is
11、used for evaluating the relativeeffects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from dif-ferent polymers, by a different manufacturing process, or both.5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may beexposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be testedat these temperatures to determ
12、ine the detrimental effects ofthese conditions on the strength properties.5.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate the cycliceffects of temperature (freeze-thaw), that is, samples can beconditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing)and then to above normal temperatures (elevated
13、temperatures)for a given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can bedetermined after these cyclic exposures.5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can betested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likelyto be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of179 kg/cm
14、 (1000 lb/in.) width. This test method is notrecommended for knitted fabrics.5.5 This test method is an index test method and is notrecommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments,since information on between laboratory precision has not been1This test method is under the jurisdiction of
15、ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-ance Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4594 96 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
16、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
17、9, United States.established. In some cases the purchaser and seller may have totest a commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.A comparative test performed as directed in
18、 5.5.1 may beadvisable.5.5.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using Test Method D 4594 foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is a statistical bias between their labo
19、ratories. Competentstatistical assistance is recommended for the investigation ofbias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogenous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned i
20、n equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and correc
21、ted or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant rate-of-extension (CRE) or constant rate-of-traverse type with auto-matic recorder conforming to the requirement of SpecificationD76
22、.6.2 Environmental Chamber, capable of maintaining a tem-perature range from 40 to + 100C (40 to + 212F) andequipped with temperature regulation capable of maintainingthe test temperature within 62C (64F) inside the chamber.6.3 Various Tubing and Fittings, to hook up the gas to theenvironmental cham
23、ber.6.4 Thermometer, capable of measuring the temperaturerange within which tests are being performed and graduated ina 1C (2F) division scale.7. Materials7.1 Liquid Nitrogen, commercial grade or any other drymedium capable of producing temperature below 0C (32F).7.1.1 WarningSince liquid nitrogen i
24、s a cryogenic liquidwhich produces extremely low temperatures when vented tothe atmosphere, keep hands clear of open valves and tubings,etc. During testing, use insulated leather gloves to handlesamples and to open and close the environmental chamberdoor. The laboratory should be well ventilated.7.1
25、.2 Other gases which can be used are helium 167C(269F), oxygen 119C (183F), argon 121C (186F),and carbon dioxide 62C (79F). Temperatures values listedare the minimum temperatures these gases can attain.7.1.3 The use of liquid nitrogen is suggested for the test.Nitrogen is less hazardous, more econom
26、ical than other gases,and also capable of attaining a minimum temperatureof 127C (196F). Oxygen, being a strong oxidizer, shouldbe avoided if possible; otherwise, use cautiously in a wellventilated area away from open flame.8. Sampling8.1 Division into Lots and Lot SampleUnless otherwiseagreed upon
27、as in an applicable material specification, dividethe material into lots and take a lot sample as directed inPractice D 4354. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling units.8.2 Laboratory SampleTake for the laboratory sample, aswatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1m (
28、1 yd) along the selvage from each roll in the lot sample. Theswatch may be taken from the end portion of a roll providedthere is no evidence that it is distorted or different from otherportions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take a swatch that willexclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or
29、 the inner wraparound the core.8.3 Test SpecimensFor the standard conditions and foreach test temperature to which the geotextile is to be exposed,cut five specimens at least 50.8 mm (2 in.) wide by 152.4 mm(6 in.) long from each swatch in the laboratory sample with thelong dimension of the specimen
30、s parallel to the lengthwisedirection. Cut five specimens of the same size from eachswatch in the laboratory sample with the long dimension of thespecimen parallel to the width-wise direction. Prepare thespecimens as directed in Test Method D 5035 for ravelled striptest, cut strip test, or both.9. T
31、est Set-up9.1 Disconnect the jaw clamps from the tensile testingmachine.9.2 Insert the environmental chamber between cross headsof the machine. Secure firmly to the machine. Connect the jawclamp back to the machine from inside the chamber.9.3 Connect the environmental chamber to the liquid nitro-gen
32、 cylinder, or any other dry medium, and to AC outlet as permanufacturers instructions (see 7.1.1-7.1.3).9.3.1 For tests below standard laboratory test conditions,use liquid nitrogen or any other dry medium for sampleconditioning and testing, and for tests above standard labora-tory test conditions,
33、use the heating element of the environ-mental chamber.10. Procedure10.1 Secure a specimen in the jaws inside the chamber.10.2 Adjust the temperature of the environmental chamberas required.10.3 Condition the specimen to the required temperature.The flow of gas is automatically controlled by a soleno
34、id valve.The valve opens and closes to let the gas in to keep constanttemperature in the chamber.10.4 Perform 2-in. cut or 2-in. ravel strip (depending uponthe geotextile) tensile test in accordance with Test MethodsD 1682 using a machine speed of 305 6 10 mm/min. (12612in./min).10.5 Repeat the test
35、 sequence of 10.1-10.4 for the remainingsamples.10.6 Adjust the temperature of the environmental chamberand test a second group of specimens at any other requiredtemperature. Repeat the test sequence of 10.1-10.4.10.7 Test five control samples for each direction at standardlaboratory test conditions
36、.D 4594 96 (2009)211. Calculation11.1 Determine the tensile strength and apparent elongationfor all specimens.11.2 Calculate the average tensile strength and averageelongation at each test temperature for both the machinedirection (warp) and cross-machine direction (fill) specimens.11.3 Calculate th
37、e percent change in tensile strength andelongation for each test temperature, as follows:C 5 100B/A! (1)where:C = change in tensile strength or elongation, %,A = average tensile strength or elongation for control speci-mens conditioned and tested in the standard atmo-sphere for testing geotextiles,
38、andB = average tensile strength or elongation for specimensconditioned and tested at a specific test temperature.NOTE 1Under normal field conditions, geotextiles will be exposed tothe temperatures in the range of 40 to 49C (40 to 120F). Sometimesduring shipping and storage, the geotextile fabric may
39、 be exposed totemperatures other than the above range. This test should be performed atthe temperatures to which the geotextile will be exposed.12. Report12.1 The test report shall include the following information:12.1.1 State that the tests were performed as directed in TestMethod D 4594,12.1.2 Me
40、thod of sampling used,12.1.3 Report the test temperatures,12.1.4 The average breaking load and average percentapparent elongation for each direction at each test temperature,12.1.5 The temperature stability for tensile strength and forelongation at each of the test temperatures,12.1.6 Plots of avera
41、ge breaking load and percent apparentelongation versus test temperature for each direction, and12.1.7 Description of the material tested.13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionDue to the nature of this test method, noprecision statement can be established at present time.13.2 BiasThere is no accepted r
42、eference value for the testmethod, therefore bias cannot be determined.14. Keywords14.1 degradation; expansion; geotextile; stability; tempera-ture effectsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard.
43、 Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed e
44、very five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible tec
45、hnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4594 96 (2009)3
