1、Designation: D 4618 92 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Specification forDesign and Fabrication of Flue Gas Desulfurization SystemComponents for Protective Lining Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofor
2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the design and fabrication ofmetal
3、 components for Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) equip-ment, including absorbers, tanks, chimney liners, ductwork andassociated equipment that are to be lined for corrosion orabrasion resistance, or both.1.2 Limitations1.2.1 This specification is intended only to define the designconsiderations for su
4、ccessful application and performance ofprotective linings for FGD system components.1.2.2 It does not cover structural performance of FGDcomponents.1.2.3 It does not cover use of metallic linings.1.3 This specification represents the minimum requirementsfor lining work. In cases where the manufactur
5、ers instructionsand recommendations differ from this specification, thesedifferences must be resolved before fabrication is started.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport
6、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Design/Engineering Requirements2.1 Rigidity:2.1
7、.1 The components shall be designed so that the interiormetal surfaces are sufficiently rigid for the intended liningmaterials. Manufacturers recommendations for maximumstrains or deflection limits for the lining material shall befollowed.2.1.2 The weight of the lining system shall be considered int
8、he structural design of the component.2.1.3 The design shall consider the effects of pressure, wind,seismic and other design loads.2.1.4 Vibration may cause flexing or high surface strains onthe lining. This is of particular concern to rigid lining materialsand shall be minimized.2.1.5 Special consi
9、deration shall be given to all conditionsof potentially excessive strain such as unsupported bottomareas, oil-canning, out of roundness, sidewall-to-bottom joints,etc.2.1.5.1 Where a component is on a concrete foundation,grouting shall be done if necessary to correct unsupportedbottom areas.2.1.5.2
10、Sand fill shall not be used for bottom support unlessprovisions are made to ensure that the sand cannot be lost dueto erosion.2.2 Accessibility:2.2.1 All interior surfaces of the components shall bedesigned to be readily accessible for welding, grinding, surfacepreparation, and lining application.2.
11、2.2 The minimum manway size for a working entranceduring lining application shall be 36 in. (900 mm) in diameteror 24 in. (600 mm) width by 36 in. (900 mm) height.2.2.2.1 Closed components shall have a minimum of twomanways, one near the top and one near the bottom, preferablylocated 180 apart to fa
12、cilitate adequate ventilation for work-ers.2.2.2.2 Additional or larger openings may be required tofacilitate ventilation and material handling. The lining materialapplicator should be consulted for specific requirements.2.3 Shell Penetrations:2.3.1 Openings such as, inlets, manholes, and outlet noz
13、zlesshall be flush with the interior wall.2.3.1.1 Inlet nozzles may extend into vessels if incomingfluids will be detrimental to lining materials.2.3.2 Any exterior or interior connection shall be flanged inorder to facilitate lining.2.3.3 The maximum length of flanged nozzles, 4 in. (100mm) and gre
14、ater in diameter, shall not exceed the dimensionsin Table 1.2.3.3.1 Only 4 in. (100 mm) diameter and larger nozzlesshall be used for maximum reliability of the lining system.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D33 onProtective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation
15、Facilities and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D33.09 on Protective Linings for FGD Systems.Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published March 2003. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 4618 92 (1996).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3.3.2 As an alternative to lined nozzles, compatible pre-fabricated, reinforced plastic, ceramic or alloy metal inserts(sleeves) may be used if they offer superior corrosion andabrasion protection. Lining shall overlap onto prefab
17、ricatedliners.2.3.3.3 If an insert is used as an alternate, the lining shalloverlap unto the insert or some other means of ensuring anadequate seal should be provided.2.3.4 Lining thickness may dictate changes in nozzle di-mensions to achieve design flow rates.2.4 Appurtenances Inside Components:2.4
18、.1 The requirements in Sections 2 and 3 apply to anyappurtenances that are being lined and installed inside a linedcomponent, such as agitators, anti-swirl baffles, gaging de-vices, internal piping, ladders, and support brackets.2.4.2 If appurtenances inside the component cannot belined, they shall
19、be made of corrosion-resistant materials. Ifalloys are used, the lining shall carry over the welded area ontothe alloy a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm). Some linings mayrequire special designs to protect the edge of the lining. Ifbolted connections are used, dielectric insulation shall beprovided.2.4.3 He
20、ating elements shall be attached with a minimumclearance of 6 in. (150 mm) from the surface of the linedcomponent. Greater clearance may be required to protect thelining from excessive temperature conditions depending on thetemperature of the element.2.4.4 Special precautions shall be taken in lined
21、 componentswhere severe abrasion/impingement damage may occur. Pre-cautionary design measures, such as wear plates, brick liners oradded coating thickness, shall be considered when necessary.2.5 Structural Reinforcement Members and Supports:2.5.1 Structural reinforcement members (stiffeners) shouldb
22、e installed on the vessel exterior, wherever necessary. How-ever, if such members are installed internally they shall befabricated of simple closed shapes such as round bars, pipe, orbox beams for ease of applying the lining material.2.5.2 The use of box beams or pipe for internal supports isrecomme
23、nded. The use of angles, channels, I-beams and othercomplex shapes shall be avoided wherever possible. If theymust be installed internally, these members shall be fully sealwelded and the edges ground to a18 in. (3 mm) minimumradius.2.5.3 If closed chambers are formed with internal boxbeams or pipes
24、, they shall be vented to the vessel exterior at thelowest point, so that pressures are not developed duringoperation and possible curing procedures and so that corrosion,due to localized lining failures, can be observed early.3. Fabrication3.1 Welds:3.1.1 All internal welds to be lined shall be con
25、tinuouswithout imperfections such as weld slag, weld spatter, roughsurfaces, undercutting, high peaks, porosity, sharp corners,sharp edges and inadequate thickness shall be corrected (seeFig. 1).3.1.2 The degree of weld preparation prior to lining dependson the type of lining to be applied. The lini
26、ng manufacturermust be consulted for specific requirements for weld prepara-tion during the design of the component and prior to start offabrication.3.1.3 Use of weld display samples before and after grindingmay be of help to the component fabricator in supplyingacceptable welds with a minimum requi
27、red rework. All weldsshall be inspected, corrected, and reinspected prior to blastcleaning. Whenever possible, shop welds shall be inspectedand imperfections corrected in the fabricators shop.3.1.3.1 All weld areas shall be inspected before and afterblast cleaning. Pinholes, pits, blind holes, poros
28、ity, undercut-ting or similar depressions are not permissible in the finishedsurface. These shall be repaired. The profile shall be reestab-lished as required by the lining manufacturer.TABLE 1 Maximum Length of NozzlesNominal Nozzle Size,in. (mm)Maximum Nozzle LengthShell to Face of Flange,in. (mm)
29、4 (100) 8 (200)6 (150) 12 (300)824 (200600) 16 (400)2636 (600900) 24 (600)Over 36 (900) any lengthFIG. 1 Weld Fabrication for Lining ApplicationD 4618 92 (2003)23.1.4 Weld spatter shall be removed. Chipping may beutilized only if followed by grinding for the required surfacefinish.3.1.4.1 The use of
30、 non-silicone, anti-spatter coating appliedadjacent to weld areas is suggested. This coating shall be of atype that can be removed by the final blast cleaning.3.1.5 After inspection, all undercuts and pinholes shall beeliminated by welding or grinding. All rough welds shall beground to remove sharp
31、edges. Chipping may be used toremove sharp edges if followed by grinding.3.1.6 All edges and similar abrupt contours shall be roundedoff by grinding or machining to a18-in. (3 mm) minimumradius.3.1.7 Flame cut edges shall be avoided.3.1.7.1 Where flame cut edges are necessary, they should beground t
32、o removed hardened material prior to blasting.3.1.8 Fillets and changes in contour shall be ground to a18-in. (3-mm) minimum radius where required for the selectedlining material. Any grinding done on welds, edges, and filletsshall be done carefully to eliminate potential problems causedby gouging o
33、f the parent metal.3.1.9 All internal and external welding shall be completedprior to any lining application.3.2 Joints:3.2.1 All welds shall be continuous. Intermittent or spotwelding is not permitted (see Fig. 2).3.2.2 Riveted joints shall not be used. Internal bolted jointsshall not be used excep
34、t to avoid welding on an already linedsurface. In this case, corrosion resistant alloy or nonmetallicbolts and suitable gasket or sealant shall be used.3.2.3 If bolts are used to facilitate installation or welding, orboth, of a component, they shall be removed and holes plugwelded before lining appl
35、ication.3.2.4 Lap welded joints shall be avoided whenever possible.Where they are necessary, the interior lap shall be a full filletweld and finished as in accordance with 3.1.6.3.2.5 Expansion joints and bolted flanged duct or shelljoints require special lining consideration. Bolted flange jointsur
36、faces shall be lined before assembly. Special considerationshall be given during erection and fit-up so as not to damagethe lining.3.2.5.1 If alloy flanges are used at expansion joints, thedesign must allow for the lining system to be applied over thealloy by 3 in. (75 mm). Some linings may require
37、specialdesigns to protect the leading edge.3.3 During and after the lining of the equipment, no weldingshall be allowed on the interior or exterior surfaces.3.4 Signs shall be hung or stenciled on the exterior surfaceof the equipment designating the following: LINED EQUIP-MENT, DO NOT BURN OR WELD.
38、They shall be visiblefrom all elevations and sides of the equipment.4. Miscellaneous4.1 All lined surfaces should be clearly identified on alldetail and arrangement drawings.4.2 The following note shall appear on appropriate detailand arrangement drawings: All surfaces to be lined shall meetthe requ
39、irements of Specification D 4618.4.3 If hydrostatic testing is to be done prior to lining, it shallbe performed with clean potable water.5. Keywords5.1 absorbers; chemical-resistant; coating; components; de-sign; desulfurization; ductwork; fabrication; FGD system; fluegas; lining; tanks; weldsFIG. 2
40、 Joint Fabrication for Lining ApplicationD 4618 92 (2003)3FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continued)FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continued)D 4618 92 (2003)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection wi
41、th any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible tech
42、nical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful considerat
43、ion at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
44、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4618 92 (2003)5
