1、Designation: D 4682 87 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Specification forMiscibility with Gasoline and Fluidity of Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline Engine Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4682; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes four categories of
3、lubricantsintended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasolineengines based on their miscibility with gasoline and theirlow-temperature fluidity.1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods described in this specification. This standard doesnot purport to address
4、all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.1.3 The values for temperature, pressure, and so forth statedin S
5、I units are the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products2D 439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline3D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids2D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand
6、Additives2D 2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity ofLubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer23. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 fluidityof two-stroke-cycle gasoline engine lubri-cants, following industry practice, this term is used to desig-nate the a
7、bsolute viscosity in millipascalseconds (centipoises)of the lubricant under test. In general usage, fluidity is thereciprocal of absolute viscosity.3.1.2 miscibilityof two-stroke-cycle gasoline engine lubri-cants, an inverse function of the time required for a fuel andlubricant introduced into the a
8、pparatus as separate phases toproduce a single-phase mixture by agitation under controlledconditions.4. Classification4.1 The candidate oils are classified into Categories 1through 4 according to the temperature at which the tests areconducted; respectively, 0C (32F), 10C (14F), 25C(13F), and 40C (4
9、0F). Each category has its ownreference oil, which is the same for both the miscibility andfluidity tests.5. Qualification Requirements5.1 MiscibilityWhen tested in accordance with Section 6,candidate oils that mix with the gasoline in not more than 110% of the number of inversions of the apparatus
10、required to mixthe reference oil, and that do not separate on standing, qualifyas miscible.5.2 FluidityWhen tested in accordance with Section 7,candidate oils meet the requirements for fluidity if theirviscosity is not more than 10 % higher than that of thereference oil.TEST METHODS6. Miscibility Te
11、st Method6.1 Summary of Test MethodThe candidate oil and gaso-line are placed as separate phases in a stoppered-glass cylinderand mixed by end-over-end rotation of the cylinder undercontrolled conditions at the temperature appropriate to thecategory of the oil.NOTE 1This procedure specifies that the
12、 lubricant be mixed withgasoline. Some fuels in current use are partially or predominatelycomposed of oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, and some lubri-cants that mix readily with gasoline may not mix with such fuels. A variantprocedure can be run to determine the ability of a lubricant to mixsa
13、tisfactorily with a fuel consisting partially or wholly of oxygenates. Inthis case, the miscibility test must be run using the candidate oil in theoxygenate or oxygenate-containing fuel against the reference oil ingasoline.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetrole
14、um Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved May 15, 1987. Published November 1987. Originallypublished as D 4682 87. Last previous edition D 4682 87 (1996).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.3Discontinued;
15、 see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Significance and Use:6.2.1 The lubricants used in two-stroke-cycle gasoline en-gines normally reach the surfaces to be lubricated
16、as a mixturewith the fuel. This mixture can either be prepared in advance,usually in the engine fuel tank, or can be produced by themetered injection of oil into the fuel stream at some pointbefore its entry into the engine crankcase. In either case, thefuel and lubricant shall be readily miscible,
17、and if the lubricantis metered into the fuel stream, it must be readily pumpable. Asit cannot be known in advance whether a given lubricant willbe mixed with the fuel in advance or be injected into the fuelstream by a metering pump, both miscibility and fluidity shallbe determined.6.2.2 The temperat
18、ure at which the miscibility and fluidityof an oil is determined does not necessarily reflect the expectedtemperature of use. For example, outboard motor manufactur-ers normally require the use of oils of Category 3, which aretested at 25C (13F), even though outboards are rarely usedat such temperat
19、ures. The reason is that Category 3 oils arereadily pumpable and will mix quite rapidly with gasoline attemperatures above about 5C (40F) with little or no agitation.This is an important consideration for boats with outboardmotors using a fuel-oil mix that is made up in large built-intanks which can
20、not readily be stirred or shaken.6.3 Apparatus:6.3.1 RotatorThis consists of three or four standard ap-paratus clamps to carry the cylinders specified in 6.3.2mounted on a horizontal shaft of about 12- to 14-mm (0.4- to0.6-in.) diameter and about 300 mm (12 in). long mountedbetween antifriction bear
21、ings, driven by an electric motor, andprovided with a revolution counter. The shaft is rotated at about10 to 14 r/min so that the cylinders are continuously beinginverted as the shaft rotates. A maximum of three candidate oilscan be run against one reference oil. While it would be possibleto design
22、apparatus to handle a greater number of samples, fourappears to be a practical limit for ease of operation. In Fig. 1a photograph of a suitable rotator is shown.6.3.2 Four (or Fewer) Graduated Cylinders, 500 mL, ca-pable of remaining securely stoppered in any attitude. Thelength-to-diameter ratio of
23、 the cylinders may be in the rangefrom 10 to 12:1, but all cylinders used in the same test shall beidentical within normal commercial glassware tolerance.6.3.3 Stoppered Flask of about 500-mL capacity for eachgraduated cylinder.6.3.4 Freezer capable of maintaining a temperature control-lable within
24、61C (2F) in the range from 0 to 40C (32 to40F). The freezer shall be provided with a transparent coverand be capable of accommodating the complete rotator assem-bly while in operation, together with space for the storage ofadditional cylinders and flasks. A cover with two panes of glassor plastic se
25、parated by an air space of about 10 to 15 mm (0.4to 0.6 in.) is advised.6.4 Reagents and Materials:6.4.1 Reference OilsA different reference oil is requiredfor each miscibility/fluidity category. These are: for Category1, ASTM reference oil VI-GG;4for Category 2, ASTMreference oil VI-FF;5for Categor
26、y 3, ASTM reference oilVI-D;6and for Category 4, ASTM reference oil VI-II.5SeeAnnex A1 for information on the composition and properties ofthese oils.6.4.2 Any full-boiling-range gasoline meeting the generalrequirements of Specification D 439 volatility Classes A, B, orC can be used. When this proce
27、dure is run in conjunction withan engine performance test, it is the normal practice to use thegasoline specified for the performance test. Oxygenate blendsand other fuels containing nonhydrocarbon blending compo-nents shall not be used.6.5 Calibration and StandardizationAs a reference oil istested
28、simultaneously with each set of candidate oils, no otherstandardization procedure is required.6.6 Procedure:6.6.1 Approximately 25 mL of the oil to be tested and 450mL of gasoline shall be available for each sample to be run,including the reference oil.6.6.2 Pour 19 to 21 mL each of the reference oi
29、l and of thecandidate oil(s) into separate 500-mL mixing cylinders andinsert their stoppers.6.6.3 It is preferred, but not mandatory, to purge thecylinders with nitrogen before inserting the stoppers.6.6.4 Prepare one 395- to 405-mL sample of gasoline in astoppered flask for each oil sample to be te
30、sted, including thereference oil.6.6.5 Place the cylinders and the gasoline samples with therotator into a freezer at the required test temperature for aminimum of 16 h. The cylinders may be attached to the rotatoror may be stored separately in the freezer at this time.6.6.6 At the end of the soak p
31、eriod (if this has not alreadybeen done), mount the mixing cylinders onto the rotator atabout 30 to the vertical, clamping them at about the 350-mLmark.6.6.7 Remove the stopper and empty one of the gasolinesamples into each cylinder in turn, pouring carefully down theside so as to minimize mixing. R
32、eplace and secure the stopperof each cylinder as soon as it has been filled.6.6.8 When all cylinders are charged with gasoline, replacethe freezer cover and start the rotator.6.6.9 Watch the cylinders, and record for each the number ofrevolutions required for complete mixing of the gasoline and4The
33、sole source of supply of the reference oil known to the committee at thistime is Lubrizol Corp., 29400 Lakeland Blvd, Wickliffe, OH 44092. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at
34、a meeting of theresponsible technical committee1, which you may attend.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.6The sole source of supply of the reference oil known to the committee at thistime is Citgo No. 93734 from Citgo Petroleum Corp., 555 E. Butterfield Rd.,Lombard, IL 60148. If you are awar
35、e of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee1, whichyou may attend.D 4682 87 (2002)2oil (no unmixed oil visible on the bottom with the cylinderupside
36、down). If difficulty is experienced with fogging of thetransparent freezer cover, proprietary antifogging compoundsare usually effective.6.6.10 After the test is completed, leave the cylinders in thefreezer in the upright position for a 48 h minimum and checkfor phase separation. The cylinders may b
37、e left in place or maybe removed from the rotator during this portion of the test.6.6.11 Any candidate oil that requires over 10 % morerevolutions to mix than is required by the reference oil or thatseparates from the gasoline on standing fails. Otherwise pass.6.7 ReportReport the temperature at whi
38、ch the test wasconducted and the number of inversions (complete rotations ofthe rotator shaft) required to produce mixing of the candidateoil and of the reference oil used, which must be identified. NoteFIG. 1 RotatorD 4682 87 (2002)3the category assigned. If separation is observed, report thedegree
39、 of separation and the number of hours standing.6.8 Precision and BiasNo statement is made about eitherthe precision or the bias of the miscibility test, as no acceptedmethod is available to determine these in the case of pass-failresults.7. Fluidity Test Method7.1 Summary of Test MethodThe viscosit
40、y of the candi-date oil is determined by Test Method D 2983 (Brookfieldviscometer) at the same temperature as used for the miscibilitytest, and compared with that of the reference oil. See 3.1.1regarding the use of the word fluidity in this context.NOTE 2The fluidity test is quite frequently used as
41、 a screen or as acontrol check for miscibility. The miscibility-fluidity relationship must bedetermined experimentally for any specific lubricant, but in most cases itwill be found that a candidate oil will not qualify in a miscibility categoryif it does not meet the fluidity requirements of that ca
42、tegory. For mixturesinvolving oxygenate-containing fuels or nonhydrocarbon lubricants suchas esters or polyglycols, the low-temperature viscosity cannot be usedsafely to predict miscibility, but can be used as a control after the abilityof the components to mix satisfactorily has been established.7.
43、2 Significance and UseSee 6.2.7.3 ApparatusThe Brookfield viscometer and its associ-ated equipment are described in Section 6 of Test MethodD 2983.7.4 Reagents and MaterialsSee 6.4.7.5 Calibration and StandardizationAs the results ob-tained from the Brookfield viscometer are critically dependenton i
44、ts correct setup and functioning, the reference oil appro-priate to the temperature of the test shall be run immediatelybefore or after, preferably both before and after, any candidateoils tested. If the viscometer is being used on a continuing basisfor control purposes, a reference oil check shall
45、be made atfrequent and regular intervals.7.6 Procedure:7.6.1 About 50 mL of oil is required for each test.7.6.2 Use the procedure of Test Method D 2983 to deter-mine the viscosity of the oil under test at the temperatureappropriate to the category desired, or at the lowest standardtest temperature a
46、bove the pour point of the oil if the categoryof the candidate is unknown. The revolutions per minute of theBrookfield viscometer shall be reported, and shall be set inaccordance with Section 8 of Test Method D 2983.7.6.3 The viscosity of the candidate oil shall be comparedwith that of the reference
47、 oil for the category run at theappropriate temperature immediately before or after the can-didate oil test under essentially identical conditions, preferablyin the same viscometer. If the reference oil viscosity isdetermined both before and after that of the candidate oil andthe values are within t
48、he repeatability range of Test MethodD 2983 (Section 13), either may be used. The reference oilviscosities given in Annex A1 are approximate and for infor-mation only.7.7 ReportReport the Brookfield viscosity of the candi-date oil and of the reference oil, the temperature(s) at whichthey were determ
49、ined, one of which must be the same as thatat which the miscibility test was run, and the revolutions perminute used for each determination.7.8 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this testmethod are as specified for Test Method D 2983.ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. REFERENCE OILSA1.1 Information on the composition and typical physicalproperties of the reference oils used in this procedure is listedin Table A1.1. Note that 1 centistokes (cSt) = 106m2/s, theunit of kinematic viscosity, and 1 centipoise (cP) = 1 millipas-cal se
