1、Designation: D4700 91 (Reapproved 2006)D4700 15Standard Guide forSoil Sampling from the Vadose Zone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard was developed in 1991 and has not undergone a technical revision. Since that time,many other guides and practices we
3、re developed in the response to the need for improvedenvironmental exploration methods.There are new guides for Soil and Rock sampling and MechanicalDrilling. New Direct Push and Sonic methods were developed. The revision of this standard will addall the new related standards but there will not be s
4、ignificant additions or deletions to the originalcontent. The user will be directed to the related standards.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures that may be used for obtaining soil samples from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Samplescan be collected for a variety of reasons including the fo
5、llowing:1.1.1 Stratigraphic description,1.1.2 Hydraulic conductivity testing,1.1.3 Moisture content measurement,1.1.4 Moisture release curve construction,1.1.5 Geotechnical testing,1.1.6 Soil gas analyses,1.1.7 Microorganism extraction, or1.1.8 Pore liquid and soils chemical analyses.evaluation, or1
6、.1.9 Laboratory chemical analysis identifying contaminant types and concentrations within soils.1.2 Guides D6169 on Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices and D6282 on Drilling methods for Environmental SiteCharacterization provide subsequent supplemental information to the contents of this sta
7、ndard.1.2.1 Direct Push Soil Sampling (Guide D6282) and Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization (Practice D6914) are usedextensively for environmental soil sampling in the Vadose zone.1.3 Subsurface explorations are documented in accordance with D5434 on Logging of Subsurface Explorations.1.4 Soil
8、core may require processing using Practice D6640 on Collection and Handling of Soil Cores for EnvironmentalExplorations.1.5 This guide focuses on methods that provide soil samples for chemical analyses of the soil or contained liquids orcontaminants. However, comments on how methods may be modified
9、for other objectives are included.1.6 This guide does not describe sampling methods for lithified deposits and rocks (for example, sandstone, shale, tuff, granite).1.7 In general, it is prudent to perform all field work with at least two people present. This increases safety and facilitatesefficient
10、 data collection.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety co
11、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and i
12、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006Feb. 1, 2015. Published August 2006March 2015. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 19982006 asD4700 91 (2006). (1998)1. DOI: 10.1520/D4700-9
13、1R06.10.1520/D4700-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that u
14、sers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.10 This guide offers an
15、organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This A
16、STM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that
17、 thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sam
18、pling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for
19、 Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnic
20、al Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental InvestigationsD6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site CharacterizationsD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Char
21、acterizationD6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydraulically Operated Stationary Piston SamplerD6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental InvestigationsD6907 Practice for Sampling Soils and Contaminated Media with Hand-Operated B
22、ucket AugersD6914 Practice for Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the Installation of Subsurface Monitoring Devices3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except where noted, all terms and symbols in this guide are in accordance with the following publications. In order ofconsideration they ar
23、e:3.1.1.1 Terminology D653.3.1.1.2 Compilation of ASTM Standard Terminology, 3 and3.1.1.3 Websters New Collegiate Dictionary. 43.1.2 For definitions and classifications of soil related terms used, refer to Practice D2488 and Terminology D653. Additionalterms that require clarification are defined in
24、 3.2.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.NOTE 1This table does not contain new drilling methods a
25、dded in the 2015 revision.FIG. 1 Criteria for Selecting Soil Sampling EquipmentD4700 1523.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.1.2 For definitions and classifications of soil related terms used, refer to Practice D2488.3.2 Defini
26、tions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cascading waterperched ground water that enters a well casing via cracks or uncovered perforations, trickling, orpouring down the inside of the casing.3.2.2 sludgea water charged sedimentary deposit.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe water-formed sedimentary deposit
27、 may include all suspended solids carried by the water and trace elements that were insolution in the water. Sludge usually does not cohere sufficiently to retain its physical shape when mechanical means are used toremove it from the surface on which it deposits, but it may be baked in place and be
28、adherent.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Sampling vadose zone soil involves inserting into the ground a device that retains captures, retains, and recovers a sample.Devices and systems for vadose zone sampling are divided into two general groups, namely the following: samplers used inconjunction with hand op
29、erated devices; and samplers used in conjunction with multipurpose or auger auger, direct push, sonic,or other type of drill rigs. This guide discusses these groups and their associated practices.4.2 The discussion of each device is organized into three sections, describing the device, describing sa
30、mpling methods, andlimitations and advantages of its use.4.3 This guide identifies and describes a number of sampling methods and samplers. It is advisable to consult availablesite-specific geological and hydrological data to assist in determining the sampling method and sampler best suited for a sp
31、ecificproject. It is also advisable to contact a local firm providing the services required as not all sampling and drilling methods describedin this guide are available nationwide.5. Significance and Use5.1 Chemical analyses of liquids, solids, and gases from the vadose zone can provide information
32、 on the presence, possiblesource, migration route, and physical-chemical behavior of contaminants. Remedial or mitigating measures can be formulatedbased on this information. This guide describes devices and procedures that can be used to obtain vadose zone soil samples.5.2 Soil sampling is useful f
33、or the reasons presented in Section 11 However, it should be recognized that the general methodis destructive, and that resampling at an exact location is not possible. Therefore, if a long term monitoring program is beingdesigned,designed; other methods for obtaining samples should be considered.NO
34、TE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/samplin
35、g/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors6. Criteria for Selecting Soil Samplers6.1 Important crite
36、ria to consider when selecting devices for vadose zone soil sampling include the following:6.1.1 Type of sample: An encased core sample, an uncased core sample, a depth-specific representative sample, or a sampleaccording to requirements of the analyses,6.1.2 Sample size requirements,6.1.3 Suitabili
37、ty for sampling various soil types,6.1.4 Maximum sampling depth,6.1.5 Suitability for sampling soils under various moisture conditions,6.1.6 Ability to minimize cross contamination,6.1.7 Accessibility to the sampling site, and6.1.8 Personnel requirements.6.2 The sampling devices described in this gu
38、ide have been evaluated for these criteria. The results are summarized in Fig. 1.7. Sampling with Hand Operated Devices7.1 These devices, thatwhich have mostly been developed for agricultural purposes, include:7.1.1 Screw-type augers,7.1.2 Barrel augers,7.1.3 Tube-type samplers,D4700 1537.1.4 Hand h
39、eld power augers, and7.1.5 Trench sampling with shovels in conjunction with machine excavations.7.2 The advantages of using hand operated devices over drill rigs are the ease of equipment transport to locations with poorvehicle access, and the lower costs of setup and decontamination. However, a maj
40、or disadvantage is that these devices are limitedto shallower depths than drill rigs.7.3 Practice D1452 on Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger Borings provides additional information on the augers systemslisted below.7.4 Screw-Type Augers:7.4.1 DescriptionThe screw or ship auger is essentially a s
41、mall diameter (for example, 1.5 in. (3.81 cm) wood auger fromwhich the cutting side flanges and tip have been removed (1)3 (seesee Fig. 2(a).). According to the Soil Survey Staff (1), , thespiral part of the auger should be about 7 in. (18 cm) long, with the distances between flights about the same
42、as the diameter (forexample, 1.5 in.) in. (3.81 cm) of the auger.This facilitates measuring the depth of penetration of the tool.Variations on this designinclude the closed spiral auger and the Jamaica open spiral auger (2) (see Fig. 2(b) and (c). The auger is welded onto a lengthof solid or tubular
43、 rod. The upper end of this rod is threaded, to accept a handle or extension rods. As many extensions are usedas are required to reach the target sampling depth. The rod and the extensions are marked in even increments (for example, in 6-in.(15.24-cm) increments) above the base of the auger to aid i
44、n determining drilling depth. A wooden or metal handle fits into atee-type coupling, screwed into the uppermost extension rod.7.4.2 Sampling MethodFor drilling, the auger is rotated manually. The operator may have to apply downward pressure to startand embed the auger; afterwards, the auger screws i
45、tself into the soil. The auger is advanced to its full length, and then pulled upand removed. Soil from the deepest interval penetrated by the auger is retained on the auger flights.Asample can be collected fromthe flights using a spatula. A foot pump operated hydraulic system has been developed to
46、advance augers up to 4.5 in. (11.43 cm)in diameter. This larger diameter allows insertion of other sampling devices into the drill hole, once the auger is removed, if desired(3).47.4.3 CommentsSamples obtained with screw-type samplers are disturbed and are not truly core samples. Therefore, thesampl
47、es are not suitable for tests requiring undisturbed samples, such as hydraulic conductivity tests. In addition, soil structuresare disrupted and small scale lithologic features cannot be examined. Nevertheless, screw-type samplers are still suitable for usein collecting samples for the purpose of de
48、tecting contaminants. However, it is difficult to avoid transporting shallow soilsdownward when reentering a drill hole. When representative samples are desired from a discrete interval, the borehole must bemade large enough to insert a sampler and extend it to the bottom of the borehole without tou
49、ching the sides of the borehole. Itis suggested that a larger diameter auger be used to advance and clear the borehole, then a smaller diameter auger sampler be usedto obtain the sample. Screw-type augers work better in wet, cohesive soils than in dry, loose soils. Sampling in very dry (forexample, powdery) soils may not be possible with these augers as soils will not be retained on the auger flights. Also, if the soilcontains gravel or rock fragments larger than about one tenth of the hole diameter, drilling may not be possible (4).47.5 Barrel Augers:3 The boldf
