1、Designation: D4833/D4833M 07 (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Test Method forIndex Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and RelatedProducts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4833/D4833M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in June 2013.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to
3、measure the index punctureresistance of geomembranes and related products.1.2 The use of Test Method D4833/D4833M may be inap-propriate for testing some woven geotextiles or related prod-ucts which have large openings, such as geonets and geogrids.1.3 It is recommended that geotextile and geotextile
4、 relatedproducts be tested using Test Method D6241.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from
5、 the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
6、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines forTextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
7、Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD6241 Test Method for the Static Puncture Strength ofGeotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a50-mm Probe3. Terminology3.1 Definiti
8、ons:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, nair maintainedat a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 62C 70 6 4F.3.1.2 geomembrane, nvery low permeability syntheticmembrane liners or barriers used with any geotechnical engi-neering related material so as to control fluid migration
9、 in aman-made project, structure, or system.3.1.3 index test, na test procedure which may contain aknown bias but which may be used to establish an order for aset of specimens with respect to the property of interest.3.1.4 puncture resistance (F), nthe inherent resistingmechanism of the test specime
10、n to the failure by a penetratingor puncturing object.3.2 For definitions of other terms relating to geosyntheticsused in this standard, refer to Terminology D4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension betweencircular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a t
11、ensiletesting machine. A force is exerted against the center of theunsupported portion of the test specimen by a solid steel rodattached to the load indicator until rupture of the specimenoccurs. The maximum force recorded is the value of punctureresistance of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1
12、 This test method is an index test for determining thepuncture resistance of geomembranes and related products.The use of this test method is to establish an index value byproviding standard criteria and a basis for uniform reporting.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35
13、onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-cal Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D483307. DOI:10.1520/D4833_D4833M-07R13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards
14、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyrig
15、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments of geomembranes andrelated materials since the test method has been used exten-sively in the trad
16、e for acceptance testing.5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their la
17、boratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot material of the type in question. The test specimensshould then be randomly assigne
18、d in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and cor
19、rected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile/Compression Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of extension (CRE) type, with autographic recorder con-forming to the requirements of Specification D76/D76M. Se
20、eFig. 1.6.2 Ring Clamp Attachment, consisting of concentric plateswith an open internal diameter of 45 6 0.025 mm 1.772 60.001 in., capable of clamping the test specimen withoutslippage. A suggested clamping arrangement is shown in Fig. 1and Fig. 2. The external diameter is to be a minimum of 1003.9
21、37. The diameter of the six holes used for securing the ringclamp assembly is suggested to be 8 mm 0.135 in. andequally spaced at a radius of 37 mm 2.95 in. The surfaces ofFIG. 1 Photographs of Test Setup and FixtureD4833/D4833M 07 (2013)12these plates can consist of grooves with O-rings or coarsesa
22、ndpaper bonded onto opposing surfaces.6.3 Solid Steel Rod, with a diameter of 8 6 0.1 mm 0.3156 0.004 in. having a flat end with a 45 = 0.8 mm 0.315 in.chamfered edge contacting the test specimens surface. SeeFig. 1 and Fig. 3.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleDivide the product into lots and take thelot sam
23、ple as directed in Practice D4354.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor the laboratory sample, take aswatch extending the full width and of sufficient length alongthe selvage, from each sample roll so that the requirements of7.3 and 8.1 can be met. Take a sample that will excludematerial from the outer wrap and
24、inner wrap around the coreunless the sample is taken at the production site, then inner andouter wrap material may be used.7.3 Test SpecimensSelect from the laboratory sample thenumber of specimens directed in Section 8. Minimum speci-men diameter is 100 mm 4 in. to facilitate clamping. Spacethe spe
25、cimens along a diagonal on the unit of the laboratorysample. Take no specimens nearer the selvage or edge of thegeotextile sample than110 the width of the geotextile sample.8. Number of Specimens8.1 Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is a reliable esti-mate of v based on extensive past records for sim
26、ilar materialstested in the users laboratory, calculate the number of speci-mens per unit in the laboratory sample using Eq 1:n 5 tv/a!25 tv!2/36 (1)where:n = number of specimens (rounded upward to a wholenumber),v = reliable estimate of the coefficient of variation forindividual observations on sim
27、ilar materials in theusers laboratory under conditions of single-operatorprecision,t = value of Students test for two-sided limits (see Table1) a 95 % probability level, and the degrees of freedomassociated with the estimate of v, andA = 6 % of the average, the value of the allowable variable.8.2 No
28、 Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is no reliableestimate of v in the users laboratory, specify the fixed numberof 5 specimens for geomembranes per swatch in the laboratorysample and 5 for other related products. This number ofspecimens is calculated using v = 10 % of the average, whichFIG. 2 Test Fi
29、xture Detail (Not to Scale)FIG. 3 Test Probe Detail (Not to Scale)D4833/D4833M 07 (2013)13is a somewhat larger value of v than is usually found inpractice. When a reliable estimate of v for the users laboratorybecomes available, Eq 1 will usually require fewer than 15specimens per swatch in the labo
30、ratory sample.9. Conditioning9.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in theatmosphere for testing (3.1). Equilibrium is considered to havebeen reached when the increase in the mass of the specimen, insuccessive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 h,does not exceed 0.1 % of the mas
31、s of the specimen.10. Procedure10.1 Select the load range of the tensile/compression testingmachine such that the rupture occurs between 10 and 90 % ofthe full-scale load.10.2 Center and secure the specimen between the holdingplates ensuring that the test specimen extends to or beyond theouter edges
32、 of the clamping plates.10.3 Test at a machine speed of 300 6 10 mm 12 in. 612in./min until the puncture rod completely ruptures the testspecimen.NOTE 1The rate of testing specified is not an indication of theperformance of the specimen for its end use.10.4 Read the puncture resistance from the grea
33、test forceregistered on the recording instrument during the test. For thetesting of composite geomembrane materials, there may be adouble peak. If so, the initial value should be reported even ifthe second peak is higher than the first one.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the average puncture resistanc
34、e and standarddeviation for all tests as read directly from the recordinginstrument.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were treated as directed in TestMethod D4833/D4833M.12.2 Report on the following information:12.2.1 The method of holding the test specimen in theclamping device.12.2.2 The ave
35、rage puncture resistance of the specimenstested.12.2.3 The coefficient of variation (if known) and standarddeviation for each group of specimens.12.2.4 The variation, if any, from the described test method.13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in this testmethod for meas
36、uring the puncture resistance of geotextiles,geomembranes, and related materials is being established.13.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringthe puncture resistance of geomembranes and related materialshas no bias because the value of that property can be definedonly in terms of a t
37、est method.14. Keywords14.1 geomembranes; puncture; puncture resistanceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of
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42、/).TABLE 1 Values of Students t for Two-Sided Limits and the 95 %ProbabilityAdf t.025 df t.025 df t.0251 12.706 11 2.201 21 2.0802 4.303 12 2.179 22 2.0743 3.182 13 2.160 23 2.0694 2.776 14 2.145 24 2.0645 2.571 15 2.131 25 2.0606 2.447 16 2.120 26 2.0567 2.365 17 2.110 27 2.0528 2.306 18 2.101 28 2
43、.0489 2.262 19 2.093 29 2.04510 2.228 20 2.086 inf. 1.960AValues in this table were calculated using Hewlett Packard HP 67/97 UsersLibrary Programs 03848D, “One-Sided and Two-Sided Critical Values of Studentst ” and 00350D, “Improved Normal and Inverse Distribution.” For values at otherthan the 95 % probability level, see published tables of critical values of Studentst in any standard statistical text. Further use of this table is defined in PracticeD2905.D4833/D4833M 07 (2013)14
