1、Designation: D 4844 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Guide forAir Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for WorkerProtection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized ap-proach for establishing and carrying out an air moni
3、toringprogram to protect workers at waste management facilities.This guide may apply to routine operations at an activetreatment, storage, or disposal site or the extraordinary condi-tions that can be encountered in opening and cleaning up aremedial action site.1.2 Any user of this guide must unders
4、tand that it isimpossible to predict all the difficulties that could develop at awaste management facility due to hazardous airborne emis-sions. Although air contaminant measurements obtained inaccordance with this guide may indicate acceptable or tolerablelevels of toxic agents are present, care an
5、d judgment must stillbe exercised before concluding that all atmospheric contami-nants at the site are under control.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 1605 Recommended Practices for SamplingAtmospheresfor Analysis of Gases
6、and Vapors3D 3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories42.3 Federal Standards:OSHA Analytical Meth
7、ods Manual5NIOSH Manual for Analytical Methods6OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1910 Hazardous Waste Operations andEmergency Response; Interim Final Rule, December198673. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 GeneralTerminology commonly used in air moni-toring can be found in Terminology D 1356.3.2 Descriptions of Term
8、s Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 operating sitean operating site is a location orfacility where waste is treated, stored, or disposed as part of anon-going operation.3.2.2 remedial action sitea remedial action site is alocation or facility that may pose a threat to human health andthe environment.4
9、. Summary of Guide4.1 The procedures described in this guide address safetyconsiderations, acute health hazards, and chronic health haz-ards due to airborne hazardous materials.4.2 Monitoring concepts are described for cleanup opera-tions at remedial action sites as well as routine activities atoper
10、ational waste management sites.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques of air monitoring are many and varied.This guide is intended to describe the standard approaches thatare used in designing an air monitoring program to protectwaste management site workers.5.2 When entering a remedial action si
11、te to initiate aninvestigation or a cleanup operation, operating personnel maybe faced with the extreme hazards of fire, explosion, and acuteor chronic health hazards. A thorough safety and healthprogram, including a site-specific safety and health plan, mustbe in place to direct worker activity. De
12、tails for such plans can1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition app
13、roved in 2003 as D 484403.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved versi
14、on of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Adopted by ASTM as an American National Standard.51985 manual available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration,OSHA Analytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT.6Third edition manual, February 1984, available from the National Ins
15、titute ofOccupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH.7Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,Washington, DC, 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.be found in the OSHA I
16、nterim Final Rule for Hazardous WasteOperations and Emergency Response and Refs (1, 2).8Airmonitoring is an integral part of such a program. This guidedescribes equipment and sampling procedures which can beused to evaluate the airborne hazard potential so as to gain andmaintain control over the sit
17、uation at the site.5.3 Upon obtaining readings at the site, a decision must bemade as to whether conditions are under control or not. Thatdecision will depend on the nature of the contaminants(toxicity, reactivity, volatility, etc.), the extent (area affected,number of workers, etc.) of the problem
18、and the level of workerprotection available. Since all such parameters will be sitespecific, the necessary decision-making is beyond the range ofthis guide.5.4 This guide does not include monitoring sites containingradioactive materials, nor does it cover general safety aspects,such as access to eme
19、rgency equipment or medical support ofemergency needs. These items should be covered in a safetyand health plan.5.5 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunctionwith Guide D 4687.6. General Considerations6.1 That aspect of science which routinely deals with theassessment of airborne hazar
20、ds to workers is known asindustrial hygiene. Professional industrial hygienists, besidesmeasuring the concentration of contaminants in air, recom-mend means for controlling such airborne hazards, protectingworkers, and demonstrating compliance with applicable lawsand regulations. A certified industr
21、ial hygienist generally offersthe optimum combination of background and credentials forrecognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace health haz-ards. If industrial hygiene staff support is not available on site,coverage can be obtained through the use of consultants andpossibly through loss pre
22、vention insurance carriers. The re-mainder of this guide reflects the general thought process thatan industrial hygiene professional would most likely gothrough in establishing an air monitoring program to protectworkers at a waste management site.6.2 Establishing a Test Protocol:6.2.1 Various combi
23、nations of equipment and samplingtechniques are used in work place air monitoring. The bestmonitoring program is one that combines accuracy with timelyresponse in a cost effective manner.6.2.2 The particular test protocol which is selected for anindustrial hygiene study depends on the nature of the
24、contami-nants and the end purpose of the monitoring effort (that is,routine monitoring, searching for worst case exposure, lookingfor contaminant leaks in a process).96.3 Selecting Specific Methods:6.3.1 The choice of sampling method is most often tied inwith the analytical method. There may be no d
25、ifference in theanalytical work whether it is for a 15-min ceiling sample or a7-h full day sample. If the analytical method has poor sensi-tivity, however, it may be necessary to increase the pump flowrate for the short duration sample to make certain that sufficientsample is collected. Such fine ad
26、justments must be worked outbetween the sampling personnel and the laboratory personnel.Extensive guidance on the latest developments in air samplingtechnology is available in Refs (3, 4).6.3.2 A number of sources of information are available todescribe general methodology. Practice D 1605 lists som
27、e ofthe classic methods that have been used when sampling forgases or vapors. The American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists offers a publication, Ref (5), that providesa review of newer equipment and methodology. The finalcombination of equipment and procedures is predicted on theprec
28、ision, accuracy, and sensitivity needed to support the testprotocol.6.3.3 Once the goals and protocol for the sampling programhave been set, specific sampling/analytical methods must beselected. Within the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume11.03 is dedicated to atmospheric analysis and to occupat
29、ionalhealth and safety issues. Some applicable methods from thatreference are listed in Annex A1. Other sources of health andsafety support include the NIOSH Manual of AnalyticalMethods and the OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. Thespecific equipment and sampling media for a particular set ofairborne c
30、ontaminants are selected from sources such as these.7. Procedures7.1 Operating Site:7.1.1 The procedures described in this section apply to airmonitoring activities at an operational waste treatment, storage,or disposal site. At an operating site, controls (work practices,engineering controls, and p
31、ersonal protective equipment)would be in place to minimize the exposure of workers tohazardous conditions. These are defined in the health andsafety plan.7.1.2 Knowledge of MaterialsKnowledge of the materialsarriving at or present at an operating site is critical to the designof a sampling plan. If
32、hazardous wastes are arriving, be surethat they are listed on the manifest. The results of waste sampleanalyses will also help to identify contaminants of greatestconcern in an incoming shipment. It is also likely that specificusers of the disposal site will tend to be consistent in the typesof wast
33、es they send to the site based on the generating processand history of shipment. For example, paint manufacturers willmost likely send mixtures of solvents, resins, and pigments,whereas plating firms will generally send alkaline sludge ofheavy metal waste; and so on. Deviation from establishedpatter
34、ns, however, is possible and should not be discounted insampling plan design.7.1.3 Worker Sampling:7.1.3.1 Of all the different techniques for workplace airmonitoring, personal sampling of the workers breathing zoneis paramount. While some workers may be quite sedentary inan operations trailer at a
35、control panel, others may be outcovering all areas of the work site. For this reason, theassessment must be capable of following the activity of theworker.8The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.9Subcommittee E34.18 of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa
36、tional Health andSafety is developing a guide for industrial hygiene air monitoring programs titled“Standard Guide toAir Sampling Strategies for Worker and Workplace Protection.D 4844 03 (2009)27.1.3.2 The first order of personal monitoring is long dura-tion time-weighted-average (TWA) sampling. For
37、 an 8-h workshift, be sure that TWA samples are at a minimum of 7-hduration either as a single sample or a series of two or moresamples. For any other work hour situation, the procedure is tosample for the duration of the shift less 1 h. For workershandling organic wastes (for example, vapor degreas
38、er solventwaste) the program would call for charcoal tube sampling withanalysis for one or two of the chlorinated solvents most likelyto be present in the waste. Such TWAmonitoring, as well as thefollowing information, would be repeated periodically toensure that worker exposure is not increasing.7.
39、1.3.3 Another form of personal monitoring that would becarried out is for peak exposures. For example, 15-min ceilingsamples might be taken while a set of containers was beingopened to inspect or remove the contents. The same type ofsampling might be done while pumping the contents of a truckinto a
40、holding tank. At these times, personal protective equip-ment (for example, respiratory protection) is often used tominimize worker exposure to vapors. Ceiling samples will helpensure that workers are using respirators having a high enoughprotection factor.7.1.3.4 Ceiling samples might be the only fo
41、rm of monitor-ing for certain toxic agents. If waste acid pickling solutionwere to come in from a steel mill for neutralization, it might beappropriate to sample for hydrogen chloride. In that instance,only 15-min samples would be of interest, because that is howexposure to HCl is controlled by heal
42、th/regulatory agencies.7.1.3.5 New equipment has come into use to cover bothTWA and peak sampling. Some personal dosimeters, worn bythe employees, give an overall average exposure and alsorecord the instantaneous exposures of the worker during theday. These units, which are read out on a portable co
43、mputer,are generally good for only one particular contaminant, thoughall the different types are read using the same computer. Thesemight be very useful in monitoring a heavy equipment operatorfor carbon monoxide or a waste treatment plant attendant forsulfur dioxide.7.1.3.6 Another concept to be co
44、nsidered in both the moni-toring and safety and health plans is the additive effect ofcertain substances. Paragraph 7.1.3.2 presented the concept ofscreening for only one or two solvents. When this is done, theeventual comparison with permissible exposure limits must bedone using a safety factor. Th
45、is safety factor is intended to takeaccount of the possible effects of other similar compoundswhich are likely to be present, but are not measured routinely.7.1.4 Area Monitoring:7.1.4.1 A good complement to personal monitoring is fixedlocation area monitoring. This can be done with either samplecol
46、lecting-type equipment, direct reading instruments, or spe-cialized fixed-parameter monitors such as those described in7.1.3.5. Area monitoring offers the advantage of potentiallyproviding an early warning.7.1.4.2 A combustible vapor meter in a solvent storage areacan give warning before an employee
47、 must walk in to find aleak.7.1.4.3 A carbon monoxide monitoring system around apyrolyzer or incinerator can warn both the operator in thecontrol room and workers in the loading area of a system upset.7.1.4.4 An oxygen meter permanently mounted in a belowground pit can warn an employee of an oxygen
48、deficientatmosphere before he enters the confined space.7.1.4.5 Direct reading colorimetric tubes Ref (6), offer aconvenient means for obtaining a quick reading. Besides theirsuitability for qualitative checks (see Annex A2), they alsoprovide reasonable quantitative estimates.7.1.5 Complex Exposure
49、Potential:7.1.5.1 Although much of the sampling effort may involvemonitoring for one or two particular contaminants on specificoperations, there will be other times when the exposurepotential is more complex. Examples of more complex moni-toring might include: 1) where a sludge is handled on site, andthere is a chance of spillage and eventual spreading of thedebris around the site by vehicular traffic and wind, dustsamples will need to be analyzed periodically for heavy metals;2) where waste from a polymer plant (in particular oneprocessing nitrile rubber or acrylonitrile buta
