1、Designation: D 4848 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Terminology ofForce, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-tions of technical terms related to force and deformationp
3、roperties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile.(See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship ofthe basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generallyunderstood or adequately defined in other readily availablesources are not included.1.2 For other terms associated w
4、ith textiles, refer to Termi-nology D 123.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles3. Terminologybreaking elongationSee elongation at break.breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breakingstrength. S
5、yn. force-at-break)DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximumforce before rupturing.breaking loaddeprecated term. Use the preferred termbreaking force.breaking point, non a force-elongation curve, or stress-stra
6、in curve, the point corresponding with the breaking forceor the breaking stress in a tensile test. (Compare breakingforce.)breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms of breakingforce. (See also breaking force and strength. Syn., strengthat break)breaking tenacity, nthe tenacity at the breaking
7、force. (Seealso breaking force, tenacity.)breaking toughness, ntoughness up to the breaking force ofa material.DISCUSSIONBreaking toughness is represented by the area and thestress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking force per unit length,and, in textile strands, is expressed as work (joule
8、s) per unit of lineardensity of the material. In textile fabrics, the unit is joules per gram.chord modulus, nin a stress-strain curve, the ratio of thechange in stress to the change in strain between two specifiedpoints on the pression, nthe act, process, or result of compacting,condensing, or pres
9、sive force, nthe perpendicular force applied tosurface(s) of a material in pression recovery, nthe degree to which a materialreturns to its original dimension(s) after removal of acompressive pression resistance, nthe ability of a material to opposedeformation under a compressive force.corresponding
10、 elongationSee elongation at specified force.corresponding forceSee force-at-specified-elongation.deformation, na change in shape of a material caused byforces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion.DISCUSSIONDeformation may be immediate or delayed. Delayeddeformation may be either recoverable o
11、r nonrecoverable.deformation, permanent, nthe net long-term change in adimension of a specimen after deformation and relaxationunder specified conditions. (Syn. permanent set, nonrecov-erable deformation, and nonrecoverable stretch.DISCUSSIONPermanent deformation is usually expressed as a per-centag
12、e of the original dimension.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition appro
13、ved in 1998 as D 4848 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Relationship of Force and De
14、formation TermsTerm SymbolMathematicalExpressionUnitLength L mm (in.)Extension DL mm (in.)Strain DL/LElongation DL/L 3 100 %Linear density D1Atex (den)Cross-sectionalareaAm2(in.2)Force F N (lbf)Tension T N (lbf)Strength S N (lbf)Tenacity F/D1AmN/tex (lbf/den)BStress F/A N/m2(lbf/yd2)BAIn computers,
15、this may be given as “LD” instead of “D1”.BFor fibers, these inch-pound units are usually gf/den and gf/in.21Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.delayed deformation, ndeformation which is time-dependload of a skein of yarn
16、 adjusted for the linear densityof the yarn expressed in an indirect system.DISCUSSIONDeformation may be recoverable or nonrecoverablefollowing removal of the applied force.elastic limit, nin mechanics, the maximum stress which canbe obtained in a material without causing permanent defor-mation of t
17、he material. (Compare yield point.)DISCUSSIONElastic limit is a property of a material whereas yieldpoint is a specific point on a stress-strain curve.elasticity, nthat property of a material by virtue of which ittends to recover its original size and shape immediately afterremoval of the force caus
18、ing deformation.elongation, nthe ratio of the extension of a material to thelength of the material prior to stretching, expressed as apercent.DISCUSSIONElongation may be measured at any specified force or atrupture.elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to thebreaking force. (Compare elo
19、ngation at rupture. See alsoelongation.) Syn. breaking elongation.elongation at the breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use thepreferred term elongation at break.elongation at specified force, (EASF), nthe elongationassociated with a specified force on the force-extensioncurve. (Syn. corresponding elon
20、gation).elongation at rupture, nthe elongation corresponding to theforce-at-rupture. (Compare elongation at break.)DISCUSSIONThe elongation at rupture for a brittle material is usuallyequal to the elongation at break; but for ductile materials this elongationmay be greater.extensibility, nthat prope
21、rty by virtue of which a materialcan undergo extension or elongation following the applica-tion of sufficient force.extension, nthe change in length of a material due tostretching. (Compare elongation.)DISCUSSIONExtension may be measured at any specified force or atrupture and is expressed in units
22、of length, for example, millimetres andinches.extension-recovery cycle, nin tension testing, the continu-ous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at aspecified extension, followed by a controlled rate of return tozero extension.failure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceasesto
23、be functionally capable of its intended use. (Comparerupture.)DISCUSSIONA material may be considered to have failed withouthaving ruptured.force, na physical influence exerted by one body on anotherwhich produces acceleration of bodies that are free to moveand deformation of bodies that are not free
24、 to move.(Compare strength.)DISCUSSIONForce is properly expressed in newtons (N) or multiplesand submultiples of newtons, for example kilonewtons (kN) andmillinewtons (mN). Force is also expressed as grams-force (gf),kilograms-force (kgf), or pounds-force (lbf), but the use of these termsis deprecat
25、ed.force at break, nSee breaking force.force at rupture, nthe force applied to a material immedi-ately preceding rupture. (Compare breaking force. See alsorupture.)DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximumforce
26、 before rupturing.force at specified elongation (FASE), nthe force associatedwith a specific elongation on the force-extension or force-elongation curve. (Syn. corresponding force.)force-deformation curve, na graphical representation of theforce and deformation relationship of a material undercondit
27、ions of compression, shear, tension or torsion. (Com-pare force-elongation curve, force-extension curve andstress-strain curve.)DISCUSSIONForce-deformation related curves include force-extension, force-compression, force-shear (displacement), force-torqueand stress-strain curves. The shape of the fo
28、rce-extension curve of amaterial and the shape of the corresponding stress-strain curve are thesame, only the units are different. Force is expressed in such units asnewton, kilogram-force, pound force. In tension, shear or compressiontests, deformation is expressed in such units of length as metre,
29、millimetre or inches. In torsion tests, deformation is expressed in suchunits for plane angles as radians or degrees.force-elongation curve, na graphical representation of theforce and elongation relationship of a material under tension.(Compare force-deformation curve, force-extension curveand stre
30、ss-strain curve.)force-extension curve, na graphical representation of theforce and extension relationship of a material under tension.(Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongationcurve and stress-strain curve.)immediate elastic recovery, nrecoverable deformationwhich is essentially independent
31、 of time, that is, occurring in(a time approaching) zero time and recoverable in (a timeapproaching) zero time after removal of the applied force.(Compare delayed deformation and delayed elastic recov-ery.)initial modulus, nin a stress-strain curve, the slope of theinitial straight-line portion of t
32、he curve.knot breaking force, nin tensile testing, the breaking forceof a strand having a specified knot configuration tied in theportion of the strand mounted between the clamps of atensile testing machine. (Compare knot breaking strength.See also breaking force.)knot breaking load, ndeprecated ter
33、m. Use the preferredterm, knot breaking force.knot breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms ofknot breaking force. (See also knot breaking force.)linear density, nmass per unit length.loaddeprecated term. Use the preferred term, force.D 4848 98 (2004)2load, vtto apply a force.DISCUSSIONAlthou
34、gh the terms load and force are frequently usedinterchangeably to denote the same phenomena, ASTM has adopted useof the technically correct term force.load at specified elongation (LASE)deprecated term. Use thepreferred term, force at specified elongation (FASE).load-deformation curve, ndeprecated t
35、erm. Use the preferredterm, force-deformation curve.load-elongation curve, ndeprecated term. Use the preferredterm, force-elongation curve.loop breaking force, nin tensile testing, the breaking forceof a specimen consisting of two lengths of strand from thesame supply looped together in a specified
36、configuration andmounted between the clamps of a tensile testing machine.(Compare loop breaking strength. See also breakingforce.)loop breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use the preferredterm, loop breaking force.loop breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms ofloop breaking force. (See also loo
37、p breaking force,strength.)modulus, nthe property of a material representative of itsresistance to deformation. (See also chord modulus, initialmodulus, tangent modulus, Youngs modulus).pretension, nthe specified tension applied to a specimenpreparatory to making a test.DISCUSSIONPretension may be u
38、sed to establish a uniform baselinefor a test. In tensile testing, the pretension is usually a low forcedesigned to remove kinks, crimp or wrinkles and essentially straightenand align the specimen as it is being mounted in the testing machine.recovery, delayed elasticSee delayed elastic recovery.rec
39、overy immediate elasticSee immediate elastic recovery.recovery tensile strainSee tensile strain recovery.rupture, nthe breaking or tearing apart of a material.(Compare failure.)DISCUSSIONAs applied to tensile testing, rupture refers to the totalseparation of a material into two parts either all at o
40、nce or in stages, orthe development of a hole in some materials.secant modules, ndeprecated term in textile terminology.Use the preferred term chord modulus.single-strand breaking force, nin tensile testing, the break-ing force of one strand that follows a specified path, usuallya straight line, bet
41、ween the clamps of a tensile testingmachine. (Compare breaking force.)single-strand strength, ndeprecated term. Use single-strandbreaking strength.skein break factor, nthe comparative breaking strength of askein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the yarnexpressed in an indirect system; the
42、product of the breakingstrength of the skein and the yarn number expressed in anindirect system.DISCUSSIONA statement of the break factor of the skein mustindicate the number of wraps in the skein if this is not otherwiseapparent; without information on the number of wraps, a statement ofthe break f
43、actor is meaningless. Break factor is frequently given otherdesignations such as lea count constant, lea product, and breaking ratio.skein breaking tenacity, nthe skein breaking strength di-vided by the product of the yarn number in direct numberingsystem and the number of strands placed under tensi
44、on.DISCUSSIONObserved breaking strength can be converted to break-ing tenacity by dividing the breaking strength by the product of the yarnmeasured in a direct numbering system and the number of strandsplaced under tension (twice the number of wraps in the skein).strain, ndeformation of a material c
45、aused by the applicationof an external force.DISCUSSIONStrain is usually expressed as a ratio involving exten-sion.strength, nthe property of a material that resists deformationinduced by external forces. (Compare force.)DISCUSSIONStrength may be expressed in units of force for aspecific material or
46、 units of stress. Traditionally, some have consideredstrength to be an average of individual values rather than the individualvalues.strength at break, nSee breaking strength.strength at rupture, nstrength expressed in terms of theforce at rupture. (Compare breaking strength.)stress, nthe resistance
47、 to deformation developed within amaterial subjected to an external force.DISCUSSIONStress is the result of strain and vice versa. In textiles,stress is expressed in units of force per unit cross-sectional area. Typicalexamples are tensile stress, shear stress, or compressive stress.stress decay, ni
48、n mechanics, the reduction in force to hold amaterial at a fixed deformation over a period of time.DISCUSSIONThis is a generic definition. Stress is already defined.The stress decay is due to adsorption of energy.stress-strain curve, na graphical representation of the stressand strain relationship o
49、f a material under conditions ofcompression, shear, tension, or torsion. (Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongation curve, and force-extension curve.)DISCUSSIONIn tension tests of textile materials, the stress may beexpressed either in (1) units of force per unit cross-sectional area, or (2)units of force per unit linear density of the original specimen, and thestrain may be expressed either as a fraction or as a percentage of theoriginal
