1、Designation: D4849 02b (Reapproved 2007)1Standard Terminology Related toYarns and Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThis terminology was udpated editorially with terms from Subcommittee D13.58 standards in September 2011.1. Scope1.1 This standard is a compilation
3、of terminology developedby Committee D-13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique tofibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that aregenerally understood or adequately defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included.1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.5
4、8 has jurisdictional responsibilityfor every item in this standard. The standards in which theterms and definitions are used are listed by number after thedefinition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed withoutthe approval of 13.58 subcommittee.Any changes approved bythe subcommittee and main
5、committee are then directed tosubcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changesor additions to Terminology D123.1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of theterms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Otherterminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommitteeD13
6、.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to DesignateLinear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD204 Test Methods for
7、Sewing ThreadsD1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens3D1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn ConstructionD1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by theUntwist-Retwist MethodD1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD1425 Test Method for Unevenness of T
8、extile StrandsUsing Capacitance Testing EquipmentD1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (YarnNumber) by the Skein MethodD2102 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (BundleTe
9、st)D2255 Test Method for Grading SpunYarns forAppearanceD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of YarnsD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers(Centr
10、ifuge Procedure)D2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top(Static Tests)D2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment ofYarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or TowD2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or WorstedSystemsD2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen SystemD3106 T
11、est Method for Permanent Deformation of Elasto-meric YarnsD3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn toSolid MaterialD3128 Specification for 2-MethoxyethanolD3217 Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufac-tured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot ConfigurationsD3218 Specification for Polyole
12、fin MonofilamentsD3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD3334 Methods of Testing Fabrics Woven from PolyolefinMonofilaments3D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,Yarn toYarnD3513 Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manu-factured Staple Fiber1
13、This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved July 1, 2007 Published August 2007 Originallyapproved in 1988. Discontinued June 1992 and reinstated as D484902. Lastprevious
14、 edition approved in 2002 as D484902be1. DOI: 10.1520/D4849-02BR07E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
15、 website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D3693 Specification for Labeled Length per Holder ofSewing ThreadD3822 Test Metho
16、d for Tensile Properties of Single TextileFibersD3823 Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sew-ing ThreadsD3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning SystemsD3937 Test Method for Crimp Frequency of manufacturedStaple FibersD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD4031 Test Method for Bulk Propert
17、ies of Textured YarnsD4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver,and Top in Dynamic TestsD4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of TextilesD4466 Terminology Related to Multicomponent TextileFibersD4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Fila-ment Yarns by Needle InsertionD
18、4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and FibersD4911 Tolerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibers andSpun on the Parallel Worsted or Modified Worsted SystemD5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofManufacture
19、d Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5104 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-tion of Cotton Fibers3D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-ented YarnD5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by thePho
20、to-Electric ApparatusD6197 Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults inSpun Yarns in Electronic TestsD6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using AutomaticTesterD6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn NumberVariability Using Automated TesterD6774 Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties fo
21、rTextured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester3. Terminology3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58jurisdiction and attribution for each term.American grain count, na direct yarn numbering system forexpressing linear density, equal to the mass in grains per 120yards of slive
22、r or roving. D2260bad/good test (%BGT), nan index value which shows thetotal spread, or greatest variation, for the test; mathemati-cally, the difference between the highest and lowest massreadings determined in the test, expressed as a percentage ofthe average mass. D6612beam, nin textiles, a large
23、 spool containing many ends ofyarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weavingor warp knitting. D2258beam set, nin textiles, one or more beams of yarn in a singleshipment to be further processed together for a specific enduse. D2258bench marks, nmarks placed on a specimen to define gagelen
24、gth, that is, the portion of the specimen that will beevaluated in a specific test. D76boundary friction, nfriction at low sliding speeds (0.02m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-filmlubricant conditions. D3412broken filament, nin multifilament yarn, breaks in one ormore filaments. D3
25、990bulk shrinkage, na measure of potential stretch and powerof stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns.D4031bunch, na defect in a yarn characterized by a segment notover 6 mm (14 in.) in length that shows an abrupt increase indiameter caused by more fibers matted in this particularp
26、lace. (See slug, slub.) D2255cable twist, nthe construction of cabled yarn, cord, or ropein which each successive twist is in the opposite direction tothe preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction.D1423calibrate, vto determine and record the relationship betweena set of standard units of measu
27、re and the output of aninstrument or test procedure.DISCUSSIONThis term is also commonly used to describe thechecking of previously marked instruments, an operation more properlydescribed as a description of verification. D76capacity, nfor tensile testing machines, the maximum forcefor which the mac
28、hine is designed.DISCUSSIONCapacity is the maximum force the tester-frame and thedrive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissibledeformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there areavailable load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may bechosen to select an ap
29、propriate full-scale range for a special test.D76case, nin textiles, a shipping unit, usually a carton, box, bale,or other container holding a number of yarn packages.D2258clamp, nthat part of a testing machine used to grip thespecimen by means of suitable jaws. D76cockles, nin yarns, irregular, thi
30、ck, uneven lumps. D2255coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the tangential force thatis needed to maintain uniform relative motion between twocontacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding themin contact. D3108, D3412coefficient of variation unevenness, nin textiles, the stan-dard deviatio
31、n of the linear densities over which unevennessis measured expressed as a percentage of the average lineardensity for the total length within which unevenness ismeasured. (See also unevenness and mean deviation un-evenness.) D1425cohesive force, nin a textile strand, the force required toovercome fi
32、ber cohesion as the strand is being reduced inlinear density.DISCUSSIONIn dynamic tests, cohesive force is the force required tomaintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesiveforce is measured while a test specimen is held in a fixed positionbetween two slowly separating cla
33、mps. D2612, D4120D4849 02b (2007)12colorfastness, nthe resistance of a material to change in anyof its color characteristics, to transfer its colorant(s) toadjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure of thematerial to any real or simulated environment that might beencountered during proce
34、ssing, storage, use or testing of thematerial. D204commercial allowance, nan arbitrary value equal to thecommercial moisture regain plus a specified allowance forfinish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, tocompute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legalmass of a shipment o
35、r delivery of any specific textilematerial (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) themass of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blendsD1907, D2494commercial mass, nbilled mass as determined by a gener-ally accepted method or as agreed upon between the pur-chaser and supplier.DISCUSS
36、IONThe basis for determining the commercial mass of ashipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of thefollowing: (1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definiteprescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its c
37、ommercialallowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definiteprescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercialmoisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with unscouredmaterial)the mass of unsco
38、ured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the masscorresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjustednet)the mass of the unscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment forthe amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494component, nas used with textile fiber polymers, a polymerwith distinguishable pr
39、operties. D13.58 D4466cone, nin textiles, (1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conicalshape used as a core for a yarn package of conical form, alsocalled a cone core. (2) the yarn package obtained when yarnis wound upon a cone core. D2258constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine(CRE), nin te
40、nsile testing, an apparatus in which thepulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance withincreasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) D76constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), nintensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate
41、of increase ofthe force is uniform with time after the first 3 s and thespecimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent onthe extension characteristics of the specimen at any appliedforce. D76constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR), natesting machine in which the pulling clamp
42、 moves at auniform rate and the force is applied through the other clampwhich moves appreciably to actuate a force-measuringmechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or exten-sion that is usually not constant and is dependent upon theextension characteristics of the specimen. D76container, na
43、 receptacle designed to hold a material, or togive integrity to the material.DISCUSSIONThe term container in textiles may include bales,cartons and other shipping containers. D3333coefficient of variation (CV), na measure of the dispersionof observed values equal to the standard deviation for theval
44、ues divided by the average of the values; may beexpressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612core-spun yarn, na compound structure in which a filamentor strand serves as an axis around which a cover of eitherloose fiber or a yarn is wound.DISCUSSION(1) Generalin yarn testing, when the core a
45、nd coverin this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing ofeither component, the methods used should not compromise thephysical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2)Specificas a sewing thread, the means by which this compoundstructure is made will not allow the cor
46、e and cover to be readilyseparated without compromising the physical attributes of each com-ponent. Hence, the sewing thread should be evaluated as a compoundstructure. D204cotton count, nan indirect yarn numbering system generallyused in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-ydlengths of yar
47、n per pound. D1059, D2260, D6587, D6612cotton system, na spinning system adapted to fibers lessthan 65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.DISCUSSIONThis system usually employs flat-top cards and may useroll and other drafting assemblies on intermediate processes andspinning machines. D2645cover, nin yarns, the
48、outside layer of fibers that form thesurface of a yarn. D2255covered yarn, na compound structure which contains dis-tinguishable inner and outer fibrous elements which can bedifferent. D204CREabbreviation for constant-rate-of-extension. D76crimp, nin a textile strand, the undulations, waviness, orsu
49、ccession of bend, curls, or waves in the strand inducedeither naturally, mechanically, or chemically.DISCUSSIONCrimp has many characteristics, among which are itsamplitude, frequency, index, and type. In Test Method D3937, crimp ischaracterized by a change in the directional rotation of a line tangent tothe fiber as the point of tangent progresses along the fiber. Two changesin rotation constitutes one unit of crimp. D3937crimp, nin a yarn, the undulations, waviness, or successionof bends, curls, or waves in the yarn induced e
