1、Designation: D 4917 97 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCoefficient of Static and Kinetic Friction of UncoatedWriting and Printing Paper by Use of the Horizontal PlaneMethod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4917; the number immediately follow
2、ing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method
3、describes a horizontal plane procedurefor the determination of the coefficient of static and kineticfriction of paper measured when sliding against itself.1.2 Although this test method is basic in concept, theprecision statement has been developed on uncoated writingand printing papers. While the us
4、e of this test method isrecommended for those grades only, it may be used with othertypes of papers giving specific attention to special papercharacteristics and with the understanding that the precisionand bias may not be the same.1.3 The horizontal instrument requires some means ofmovement of the
5、specimen in relation to the surface uponwhich it rests. The coefficient of friction (COF) is measureddirectly from the resistance to tangential motion and theapplied weight pressing two pieces of paper together.1.4 Static COF relates to the force required to initiatemovement between two surfaces whi
6、le kinetic COF relates tothe force required to cause continuation of the movement atuniform speed.1.5 An inclined plane method is described in Test MethodD 4918, which gives similar results for static COF but TestMethod D 4918 cannot be used for the determination of kineticCOF. The choice of approac
7、h depends on the equipmentavailable and the means of measurement.1.6 The determination of this characteristic for corrugatedand solid fiberboard is described in Test Methods D 4521 andD 3247. These test methods differ in that in Test MethodsD 4521 and D 3247, the two specimens are allowed to slipupo
8、n one another three times before the force measurement isdetermined, while in this test method the determination is madeon the first slip.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
9、establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboardD 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboa
10、rd, Fiberboard, and Related ProductD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 725 Method for Identification of Wire Side of Paper3D 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusD 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper
11、and Paper ProductsD 3247 Method of Test for Coefficient of Static Friction ofCorrugated and Solid Fiberboard (Horizontal PlaneMethod)3D 3460 Specification for White Watermarked and Unwater-marked Bond, Reprographic, and Laser Printer Cut-SizedOffice Papers3D 4521 Test Method for Coefficient of Stati
12、c Friction ofCorrugated and Solid Fiberboard3D 4918 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction ofUncoated Writing and Printing Paper by Use of theInclined Plane MethodE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot
13、 or Process1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 onStandard Documents Relating to Paper and Paper Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in
14、1989. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4917 97 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs
15、ite.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.44. Summary of Test Method4.1 One specimen of the paper
16、 sample is clamped to ahorizontal plane surface, the other to a specimen sled. The sledis pulled across the surface, or alternatively, the plane is pulledunder the stationary sled by mechanical means, and the forcerequired to do so is measured. The coefficients of both staticand kinetic friction can
17、 be determined.5. Significance and Use5.1 The coefficient of friction of printing and writing papersis an indicator of the ease with which the top or bottom sheetof a stack of paper will slide across the succeeding sheet, suchas occurs on the infeed of a printing press or the sheet transportinto a c
18、opier machine. A minimum coefficient of friction isrequired to prevent double-feeding of any sheets.5.2 Since each sheet is removed from the stack only once, asingle slide of each pair of specimens is performed and thevalue recorded.6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)6.1 Horizontal Plane and Supporting BaseA
19、horizontalplane surface of a smooth, incompressible materialmetal,hardwood, plate glass, or plastichaving a width at least 25mm (1 in.) wider than the specimen sled (see 6.2). The plane ismounted on a supporting base provided with means of levelingin two directions.Aconstant rate-of-motion tester, a
20、s describedin Test Method D 828, has also been found suitable. If this typeof tester is used, the horizontal plane and supporting base areone and the same.6.2 Specimen SledA sled or specimen block made of anincompressible material with a rubber-faced lower surface orsuch material with a COF signific
21、antly higher than the materialbeing tested. A63.5-mm (2.5-in.) square metal block weighing200 6 5 g has been found satisfactory. A means for clampingthe specimen to the sled may be provided, but is not necessaryif the lower surface is faced with 3-mm (18-in.) thick softrubber. A means for fastening
22、the sled to the force measuringdevice, such as a wire cable or nylon filament line, is required.Care should be taken in selecting a wire cable or nylon filamentline to make certain that its ability to stretch does not interferewith the measurement of force.6.3 Mechanical Power UnitProviding a means
23、for mov-ing the specimen sled horizontally along the plane surface, orthe plane surface under the specimen sled at a uniform speed of150 6 30 mm/min (0.5 6 0.1 ft/min). A constant rate-of-motion tester equipped with a load cell in its upper crossheadand a constant rate-of-motion lower crosshead has
24、been foundsatisfactory (Test Method D 828).6.4 Force Measuring DeviceMeans for measuring theforce required to move or restrain the specimen sled to thenearest 5 gf (0.01 lbf). A force gage or the load cell of aconstant rate-of-motion tester have both been found suitable(Test Method D 828).6.5 Paper
25、Cutter, to cut test specimens.7. Sampling and Test Specimen Preparation7.1 For acceptance sampling, obtain the sample in accor-dance with Practice D 585.7.2 When sampling for other purposes, use Practice E 122as an alternative.7.3 The sample, selected in accordance with Practice D 585should be in th
26、e form of a finished ream or a “lift” sample froma roll. A lift is a stack of sheets about 1.3 cm (0.5 in.) cut froma roll.7.4 Precondition, condition, and test in the atmospheresdescribed in Practice D 685.7.5 Cut the sample into test specimen pairs as follows:7.5.1 Finished Ream Sample:7.5.1.1 Wit
27、h Machine Direction COFLift off a stack of sixconsecutive sheets, identify the machine direction (TestMethod D 528) and the felt (or top) side (Method D 725)ofthetop sheet, and cut two specimens from each sheet: one 100 by215 mm (4 by 8.5 in.) and the other 75 by 130 mm (3 by 5 in.).Cut the specimen
28、s so that the machine direction is parallel tothe long dimension. Stack the two sets of specimens in separatepiles, maintaining the same order of sheets as in the ream. Takethe top sheet off the pile of larger specimens and discard. Usethe second large specimen with the first small specimen, thethir
29、d large specimen with the second specimen, and so on,performing the test with five pairs of specimens from consecu-tive sheets. There will be one left-over small specimen (sixth)which can be discarded.7.5.1.2 Across Machine Direction COFFollow directionsgiven in 7.5.1.1, except cut the specimens so
30、that the machinedirection is parallel to the shorter dimension.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.FIG. 1 Schematics for Two Horizontal Plane InstrumentsD 4917 97 (2007)27.5.2 Lift Sample:7.
31、5.2.1 With Grain Direction COFLift off a stack of sevenconsecutive sheets, identify the machine direction and the felt(or top) side of the top sheet, and cut two specimens from eachsheet: one 100 by 215 mm (4 by 8.5 in.) and the other 75 by130 mm (3 by 5 in.). Cut the specimens so that the machinedi
32、rection is parallel to the longer dimension. Discard the topsheet from each stack and test five pairs of specimens. Eachpair is from the same sheet. Discard the bottom sheets.7.5.2.2 Across Grain Direction COFFollow directionsgiven in 7.5.2.1 except cut the specimens so that the machinedirection is
33、parallel to the shorter dimension. Discard the topsheet from each stack and test five pairs of specimens. Eachpair is from the same sheet. Discard the bottom sheets.8. Procedure8.1 Place the horizontal plane and its base on a vibration-free table and level it, or set up a constant rate-of-motion tes
34、terin accordance with its instructions for coefficient of frictiondetermination. If necessary, adjust the force measuring deviceto zero.8.2 With Grain Direction COF:8.2.1 Select the specimens cut with the grain directionparallel to the long dimension (see 7.5.1.1 or 7.5.2.1).8.2.2 Place the longer o
35、f each specimen pair on the hori-zontal plane with the top (felt) side upward and clamp orotherwise attach the end farthest from the force measuringdevice to the plane.8.2.3 Place the smaller specimen on top of the larger withthe wire side facing down, and set the rubber-faced sled lightlyatop it, o
36、r attach the smaller specimen to the sled and positionthe sled atop the larger specimen.8.2.4 Attach the cable from the power unit or force gage tothe sled.8.2.5 Start the power unit, making sure the cable remainstaut as the drive takes up the load. No immediate relativemotion may take place between
37、 the sled and the plane until thepull on the sled is equal to, or exceeds, the static frictional forceacting at the contact surfaces. Record this initial, maximumreading, or note the maximum peak recorded on the strip chartrecorder of the constant rate-of-motion tester, as the forcecomponent of the
38、coefficient of static friction.8.2.6 Continue the motion of the two specimens for adistance of about 130 mm (5 in.). Record the average forcereading during this period, or obtain the average force byintegrating the recorded trace on the strip chart recorder of theconstant rate-of-motion tester, as t
39、he force component of thecoefficient of kinetic friction.8.2.7 After the sled has traveled the required distance, stopthe power unit, remove the specimens, and return the apparatusto the starting positions. Continue to test the remainingspecimen pairs in identical fashion. No specimen pairs shall be
40、tested more than once unless such tests constitute one of thevariables to be studied.8.3 Across Grain Direction COFSelect the set of speci-mens cut with the grain direction parallel to the short dimen-sion (see 7.5.1.2 or 7.5.2.2). Repeat the procedure described in8.2.2 through 8.2.7.9. Calculation9
41、.1 Determine for each specimen pair the coefficient ofstatic friction, Us, as follows:Us5 As/B (1)where:As= force required to initiate motion, gf, andB = sled weight, gf.9.2 Determine for each specimen pair the coefficient ofkinetic friction, Uk, as follows:Uk5 Ak/B (2)where:Ak= average force readin
42、g during uniform sliding, gf, andB = sled weight, gf.10. Report10.1 Report as coefficient of static friction, the average andstandard deviation of the five determinations of Us. Reportseparately for the with- and across-machine directions.10.2 Report as coefficient of kinetic friction, the average a
43、ndstandard deviation of the five determinations of Uk. Reportseparately for the with- and across-machine directions.10.3 Report whether the sample is taken from a finishedream or a lift.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability5The repeatability standard deviationof the procedure in this test method
44、is approximately 0.007 forthe coefficient of static friction and 0.005 for the coefficient ofkinetic friction. The corresponding 95 % repeatability limitsare approximately 0.019 and 0.014, respectively. These esti-mates of repeatability were developed on writing papers inaccordance with Specificatio
45、n D 3460 having coefficients ofstatic friction in the range from 0.40 to 0.70. The repeatabilityfor other uncoated writing and printing papers may be larger orsmaller than the values stated here.11.2 Reproducibility An estimate of the reproducibilitystandard deviation and the 95 % reproducibility li
46、mits is underdevelopment.11.3 BiasNo statement about bias of the procedure in thistest method is made, because the values measured for static andkinetic coefficient of friction are defined based on the specifictesting conditions stated in the test method.12. Keywords12.1 coefficient of friction; kin
47、etic friction; printing paper;static friction; uncoated paper; writing paper5A report concerning the within-laboratory precision statement is contained inASTM files. Request RR: D1000.D 4917 97 (2007)3APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE AND INTERPRETATION OF TEST METHODX1.1 In 7.3 the
48、 procedure for selecting the sample in twomanners depending upon the form of the paper to be tested isdescribed. In 7.5 the procedure for preparing test specimensdepending upon the form of the paper to be tested is described.Sampling of a cut size ream of the type commonly used insheet-fed printing
49、presses and copy machines is described in7.5.1. Sampling paper from a roll is described in 7.5.2.X1.2 Ream Sample:X1.2.1 In the manufacturing process of converting paperfrom rolls to sheets, it is common practice to combine the websof two or more rolls in the processing equipment. As a result,successive sheets in the stack of cut paper represent thecombination of the several rolls that are processed together. Byusing the sampling procedure described in 7.5.1, the resultingCOF values represent the relationships between successivesheets. This is comparable to the man
