1、Designation: D 4924 89 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Classification forPetroleum Waxes for Use in Rubber Compounding1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification is intended to establish a classifica-tion system and test methods for petroleum waxes used inr
3、ubber compounding primarily as a static protective agent ormaterial for unsaturated rubbers such as styrene-butadienerubber, polyisoprene rubber, natural rubber, chloroprene rub-ber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, and polybutadiene rubber.These unsaturated rubbers are subject to ozone cracking. Und
4、ercertain exposure conditions, waxes retard this cracking.1.2 This classification is applicable to petroleum waxes usedas process aids in rubber compounding. It is not applicable tononpetroleum waxes such as carnuba wax, candelille wax, orceresin wax, nor to synthetic hydrocarbon waxes such aspolyet
5、hylene wax. These non-petroleum waxes display a dif-ferent behavior on gas chromatographic analysis than dopetroleum waxes.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
6、-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax(Cooling Curve)D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and the
7、Calculation of DynamicViscosity)D 721 Test Method for Oil Content of Petroleum WaxesD 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of PetroleumWaxes, Including PetrolatumD 1321 Test Method for Needle Penetration of PetroleumWaxesD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 17
8、47 Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Mate-rialsD 1833 Test Method for Odor of Petroleum WaxD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3944 Test Method for Solidification Point of PetroleumWaxD 4419 Test Method for Measurement of Transitio
9、n Tem-peratures of Petroleum Waxes by Differential ScanningCalorimetry (DSC)2.2 ASTM Committee Proposal:D02 Proposal P167 Test Method for Boiling Range Distri-bution of Crude Petroleum3NOTE 1A procedure using similar gas chromatographic methodologybut designed specifically for waxes is currently bei
10、ng developed byASTMCommittee D02.04.C.3. Summary of Classification3.1 The boiling point range of the petroleum wax is deter-mined by simulated distillation by gas chromatography (TestMethod D 2887). If necessary, an internal standard is used todetermine the amount of material not volatile under thec
11、onditions of the chromatograph.3.2 Classification is made on the basis of the amount of thesample with normal boiling point above 538C (1000F).3.3 Further characterization is then done using other testmethods on the wax. In particular, the melting point behavior,color, odor, and viscosity when melte
12、d and refractive indexwhen melted have been found useful.4. Significance and Use4.1 Petroleum waxes in rubber compounds are commonlyused to provide protection from degradation by ozone understatic conditions, that is, when there is little or no flexing of therubber products. The mode of action for t
13、his protection is (1)migration of the wax through the rubber to the surface of theproduct and (2) the formation of an ozone impervious film onthe surface.4.2 This standard classifies the petroleum waxes on thebasis of molecular weight. In general, waxes of lower molecu-lar weight (“paraffinic” or “c
14、rystalline”) migrate through the1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.20 on CompoundingMaterials and Procedures.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last prev
15、ious edition approved in 1999 as D 4924 - 89(1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn
16、.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.rubber more rapidly and form more brittle film than the highermolecular weight waxes (“microcrystalline”). Wax mixturesand blends are commonly used.4.3 No direct inference of suitabili
17、ty for use in a particularrubber compound is made or implied by the classificationsherein.5. Basis of Classification5.1 Determine the boiling point curve by gas chromato-graphic distillation, using Test Method D 2887. The presenceof high boiling wax (carbon number 42) is indicated in TestMethod D 28
18、87 by a baseline that does not return to zero at anequivalent temperature of 538C. Internal standard methodsare used to determine the amount of high boiling material. It isoften useful to use cyclohexane or toluene both for a solvent toinject the wax into the gas chromatograph and for an internalsta
19、ndard.5.2 Divide the boiling point distribution curve into two partsat a boiling point of 538C (1000F).5.3 Classify the wax according to Table 1.5.4 If desired, the wax can be further characterized asfollows:5.4.1 By determination of melting point behavior by anyone of Test Methods D87, D 938, D 394
20、4,orD 4419;bycertain chemical characteristics such as oil content (TestMethod D 721) or odor (Test Method D 1833); physicalproperties of the solid wax such as hardness by needlepenetration (Test Method D 1321), or properties of the moltenwax such as viscosity (Test Method D 445), color (Test MethodD
21、 1500), clarity, and freedom from foreign solids (inspectiononly) and Refractive Index (Test Method D 1747). Theseproperties are of limited importance for wax used as aprotective agent but may affect other properties of the rubbercompounds. They are also used to control lot to lot variation.ASTM Int
22、ernational takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirel
23、y their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand sh
24、ould be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on St
25、andards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Classification of WaxType Wax DesignationMass Wax ofBoiling Point538C, %A paraffin 30D 4924 89 (2005)2
