1、Designation: D5084 10Standard Test Methods forMeasurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated PorousMaterials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of thehydraulic conductivity (also
3、 referred to as coeffcient of per-meability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexiblewall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30C(59 and 86F). Temperatures outside this range may be used;however, the user would have to determine the specific gravityof mercury and RT(see 10.3)
4、 at those temperatures using datafrom Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are sixalternate methods or hydraulic systems that may be used tomeasure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systemsare as follows:1.1.1 Method AConstant Head1.1.2 Method BFalling Head, constant tailwater elevatio
5、n1.1.3 Method CFalling Head, rising tailwater elevation1.1.4 Method DConstant Rate of Flow1.1.5 Method EConstant VolumeConstant Head (bymercury)1.1.6 Method FConstant VolumeFalling Head (by mer-cury), rising tailwater elevation1.2 These test methods use water as the permeant liquid; see4.3 and Secti
6、on 6 on Reagents for water requirements.1.3 These test methods may be utilized on all specimentypes (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.)that have a hydraulic conductivity less than about 1 3 106m/s(1 3 104cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3are met. For the constan
7、t-volume methods, the hydraulicconductivity typically has to be less than about 1 3 107m/s.1.3.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about1 3 106m/s, but not more than about 1 3 105m/s; then thesize of the hydraulic tubing needs to be increased along withthe porosity of the porous end piec
8、es. Other strategies, such asusing higher viscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also bepossible. The key criterion is that the requirements covered inSection 5 have to be met.1.3.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less than about1 3 1011m/
9、s, then standard hydraulic systems and tempera-ture environments will typically not suffice. Strategies that maybe possible when dealing with such impervious materials mayinclude the following: (a) controlling the temperature moreprecisely, (b) adoption of unsteady state measurements byusing high-ac
10、curacy equipment along with the rigorous analy-ses for determining the hydraulic parameters (this approachreduces testing duration according to Zhang et al. (1)2), and (c)shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, orboth, of the test specimen. Other items, such as use of higherhydr
11、aulic gradients, lower viscosity fluid, elimination of anypossible chemical gradients and bacterial growth, and strictverification of leakage, may also be considered.1.4 The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulicconductivities greater than 1 3 105m/s may be determined byTest Method D2434
12、.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are represe
13、ntative of thesignificant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of r
14、eported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethods for engineering design.1.6 This standard also contains a Hazards section aboutusing mercury, see Section 7.1.7 The time to perform this test depends
15、 on such items asthe Method (A, B, C, D, E, or F) used, the initial degree ofsaturation of the test specimen and the hydraulic conductivityof the test specimen. The constant volume Methods (E and F)and Method D require the shortest period-of-time. Typically atest can be performed using Methods D, E,
16、 or F within two tothree days. Methods A, B, and C take a longer period-of-time,1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties and Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved July 1, 2010.
17、 Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D508403. DOI:10.1520/D5084-10.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended tothis standard.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM
18、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.from a few days to a few weeks depending on the hydraulicconductivity. Typically, about one week is required for hydrau-lic conductivities on the order of 1 3 109m/s.The testing timeis ultimately contr
19、olled by meeting the equilibrium criteria foreach Method (see 9.5).1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses aremathematical conversions, which are provided for informationpurposes only and are not considered standard, unless speci
20、fi-cally stated as standard, such as 0.5 mm or 0.01 in.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
21、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravi
22、ty of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1140 Test Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75-m) SieveD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forG
23、eotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head)D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimen
24、sional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4220
25、 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4767 Test Method for Consol
26、idated Undrained TriaxialCompression Test for Cohesive SoilsD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Select
27、ion of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For
28、common definitions of technical terms in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D653.3.1.2 head loss, Dhthe change in total head of wateracross a given distance.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, typi-cally the change in total head is across the influent and effluentlines connected to
29、the permeameter, while the given distance istypically the length of the test specimen.3.1.3 permeameterthe apparatus (cell) containing the testspecimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe apparatus in this case is typically atriaxial-type cell with all of its components (top and b
30、ottomspecimen caps, stones, and filter paper; membrane; chamber;top and bottom plates; valves; etc.).3.1.4 hydraulic conductivity, kthe rate of discharge ofwater under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area of porous medium under a unit hydraulicgradient and standard temperature
31、 conditions (20C).3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, theterm coeffcient of permeability is often used instead ofhydraulic conductivity, but hydraulic conductivity is usedexclusively in this standard.Amore complete discussion of theterminology associated with Darcys law is given in
32、theliterature. (2, 3)3.1.5 pore volume of flowin hydraulic conductivity test-ing, the cumulative quantity of flow into a test specimendivided by the volume of voids in the specimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods apply to one-dimensional, laminarflow of water within porous materials su
33、ch as soil and rock.4.2 The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials gener-ally decreases with an increasing amount of air in the pores ofthe material. These test methods apply to water-saturatedporous materials containing virtually no air.4.3 These test methods apply to permeation of porousmateri
34、als with water. Permeation with other liquids, such aschemical wastes, can be accomplished using procedures simi-lar to those described in these test methods. However, these testmethods are only intended to be used when water is thepermeant liquid. See Section 6.4.4 Darcys law is assumed to be valid
35、 and the hydraulicconductivity is essentially unaffected by hydraulic gradient.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
36、nthe ASTM website.D5084 1024.5 These test methods provide a means for determininghydraulic conductivity at a controlled level of effective stress.Hydraulic conductivity varies with varying void ratio, whichchanges when the effective stress changes. If the void ratio ischanged, the hydraulic conducti
37、vity of the test specimen willlikely change, see Appendix X2. To determine the relationshipbetween hydraulic conductivity and void ratio, the hydraulicconductivity test would have to be repeated at differenteffective stresses.4.6 The correlation between results obtained using these testmethods and t
38、he hydraulic conductivities of in-place fieldmaterials has not been fully investigated. Experience hassometimes shown that hydraulic conductivities measured onsmall test specimens are not necessarily the same as larger-scale values. Therefore, the results should be applied to fieldsituations with ca
39、ution and by qualified personnel.4.7 In most cases, when testing high swell potential mate-rials and using a constant-volume hydraulic system, the effec-tive confining stress should be about 1.5 times the swellpressure of the test specimen or a stress which preventsswelling. If the confining stress
40、is less than the swell pressure,anomalous flow conditions my occur; e.g., mercury column(s)move in the wrong direction.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent of the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agenc
41、ies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practi
42、ce D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Hydraulic SystemConstant head (Method A), fallinghead (Methods B and C), constant rate of flow (Method D),constant volume-constant head (Method E), or constantvolume-falling head (Method F) systems may be utilizedprovided t
43、hey meet the following criteria:5.1.1 Constant HeadThe system must be capable ofmaintaining constant hydraulic pressures to 65 % or better andshall include means to measure the hydraulic pressures towithin the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the head lossacross the permeameter must be held consta
44、nt to 65% orbetter and shall be measured with the same accuracy or better.A pressure gage, electronic pressure transducer, or any otherdevice of suitable accuracy shall measure pressures to aminimum of three significant digits. The last digit may be dueto estimation, see 5.1.1.1.5.1.1.1 Practice D60
45、26 discusses the use or application ofestimated digits. When the last digit is estimated and thatreading is a function of the eyes elevation/location, then amirror or another device is required to reduce the reading errorcaused by parallax.5.1.2 Falling HeadThe system shall allow for measure-ment of
46、 the applied head loss, thus hydraulic gradient, to 65%or better at any time. In addition, the ratio of initial head lossdivided by final head loss over an interval of time shall bemeasured such that this computed ratio is accurate to 65%orbetter. The head loss shall be measured with a pressure gage
47、,electronic pressure transducer, engineers scale, graduatedpipette, or any other device of suitable accuracy to a minimumof three significant digits. The last digit may be due toestimation, see 5.1.1.1. Falling head tests may be performedwith either a constant tailwater elevation (Method B) or a ris
48、ingtailwater elevation (Method C), see Fig. 1. This schematic of ahydraulic system presents the basic components needed tomeet the objectives of Method C. Other hydraulic systems orschematics that meet these objectives are acceptable.5.1.3 Constant Rate of FlowThe system must be capableof maintainin
49、g a constant rate of flow through the specimen to65 % or better. Flow measurement shall be by calibratedsyringe, graduated pipette, or other device of suitable accuracy.The head loss across the permeameter shall be measured to aminimum of three significant digits and to an accuracy of65 % or better using an electronic pressure transducer(s) orother device(s) of suitable accuracy. The last digit may be dueto estimation, see 5.1.1.1. More information on testing with aconstant rate of flow is given in the literature (4).5.1.4 Constant Volume-Cons
