1、Designation: D5111 12Standard Guide forChoosing Locations and Sampling Methods to MonitorAtmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifyingsuitable locations and choosing approp
3、riate sampling strategiesfor monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations.It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmo-spheric deposition monitoring networks.1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates ofthe dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals fo
4、und inacidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition andincludes cloud water, fog and snow.1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates ofatmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many ofthe sampling methods presented can be applied to urbanenvironments.1.4 The values stat
5、ed in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD3249 Practice for Gen
6、eral Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD4841 Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for WaterSamples Containing Organic and Inorganic ConstituentsD5012 Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for theCollection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposi-tion3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms u
7、sed in this guide, refer toTerminology D1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 collocated samplingthe use of more than one sam-pling device within a monitoring site.3.2.2 event samplinga special form of intermittent sam-pling (Terminology D1356) where the duration of a samplin
8、gperiod is defined as a single, discrete occurrence ofprecipitation, dew, fog or frost.3.2.3 fetcha vector within the local area which describesthe direction and area of, or within, an air mass that will besampled by a sampling device.3.2.4 filter-packa sampling device comprised of one ormore filter
9、s in series where each filter is designed to sample anatmospheric chemical species or remove interferences to asubsequent filter. Filters may be of different design; material;or be coated or impregnated to obtain the specificity ofchemical species required.3.2.5 inferential samplingan indirect sampl
10、ing methodthat utilizes a mathematical model to quantify an unmeasurableor difficult to measure property of atmospheric deposition.3.2.6 local areaan area of a few square kilometers whichdescribes an area of common vegetation, land-surface form andland use surrounding the monitoring site and defines
11、 the localcharacteristics surrounding the sampling device, see Fig. 1.3.2.7 monitoring sitea radius of a few decameters whichimmediately surrounds the sampling device, see Fig. 1.3.2.8 regional areaan area between the local area and athreshold that defines where any single local area characteristicc
12、an not be distinguished from regional characteristics, see Fig.1.3.2.9 sequential samplingwithdrawal of a portion of theatmosphere over a period of time with continuous analysis orwith separation of the desired material continuously and in alinear form. Such a sample may be obtained with a consider-
13、able concentration of the contaminant but it still indicatesfluctuations in that property which occur during the period ofsampling (Terminology D1356; see sample, running).1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.0
14、3 on Ambient Atmospheresand Source Emissions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5111 - 99 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D5111-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
15、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.10 surrogate surface sam
16、plinga sampling techniquethat utilizes an artificial surface to estimate dry deposition.Ideally, the artificial surface chosen will approximate the realsurfaces roughness and wetness properties. In practice this isimpossible. Therefore, comparisons of the surrogate surface tothe real surface must al
17、ways be done as a part of the technique.3.2.11 wet depositionthe deposition of water from theatmosphere in the form of hail, mist, rain, sleet and snow.Deposits of dew, fog and frost are excluded (TerminologyD1356; see precipitation, meteorological).4. Significance and Use4.1 The guide consolidates
18、into one document, siting crite-ria and sampling strategies used routinely in various NorthAmerican atmospheric deposition monitoring programs.4.2 The guide leads the user through the steps of siteselection, sampling frequency and sampling equipmentselection, and presents quality assurance technique
19、s and otherconsiderations necessary to obtain a representative depositionsample for subsequent chemical analysis.4.3 The guide extends Practice D1357 to include specificguidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition includingacidic deposition.5. Summary of Guide5.1 The guide assists the user in esta
20、blishing siting guide-lines and in choosing sampling frequencies and samplingdevices for atmospheric deposition monitoring. Special con-siderations for the monitoring of specific types of atmosphericdeposition are discussed.5.2 A worksheet is provided to assist the user in document-ing the final sit
21、ing criteria and sampling strategy chosenseeAppendix X1.5.3 The guide references site selection and sampling docu-ments of some of the currently operating deposition monitoringnetworks in North America (Appendix X2).6. Sampling Locations6.1 General Requirements:6.1.1 General requirements for choosin
22、g atmospheric depo-sition sampling locations follow Practice D1357. This guideshould be used in conjunction with that document.6.1.2 A standardized site description questionnaire shouldbe developed and completed during the site selection process.The questionnaire will describe the chosen location in
23、 detail.Examples of these questionnaires can be found in Refs (1-3).36.1.3 Fig. 1 illustrates the concentric organization of loca-tion guidelines used in this document. Monitoring site require-ments are common to all types of monitoring stations, whileregional area requirements invoke a combination
24、of monitoringsite, local area and regional area guidelines. Which guidelineswithin each area category are chosen and whether all areacategories are used will depend upon the purpose of themonitoring effort.6.1.4 Some specific atmospheric deposition sample typesrequire that additional criteria be met
25、. These are identified nearthe end of each sampling location section with an appropriatekey word; DRY for dry deposition; FOG for fog; etc. Guide-lines that contain no key word are common to all types ofdeposition monitoring within their monitoring site, local area,or regional area grouping.6.1.5 Th
26、e user of this guide should use all of the guidelineslisted for the deposition type being monitored and all of theguidelines that are not deposition type specific. Exceptions tothe use of all of the guidelines should be noted on theworksheet in Appendix X1 of the guide and be accompaniedwith a brief
27、 exclusion statement.6.2 Regional Area Guidelines:6.2.1 Regional area guidelines should be based upon aconsensus interpretation of the concept of regional representa-tiveness by the monitoring project management. Regions maybe identified based upon physiography, meteorology, demog-raphy or some othe
28、r more specific goal of the monitoringproject. Ground-based concepts of representativeness, such asthe ecological classifications of Bailey and others (4,5) or areassensitive to acidic deposition, are often more easily definedthan meteorological concepts which tend to be highly variableboth spatiall
29、y and temporally. For this reason definitions ofregional representativeness based heavily upon meteorologicalphenomena are best developed a posteriori using mathematicaland statistical models (6).6.2.2 When developing regional area guidelines, distancecriteria should reflect the thresholds where any
30、 characteristicsof a local area become indistinguishable from those of otherlocal areas and are instead typical of the area that will bedeclared a region.6.2.3 All industrial and natural sources of emissions greaterthan 10 000 tons per annum of each analyte of interest shouldbe at least 20 km from t
31、he sampling device. This distanceshould be increased if the sampling device is located down-wind of the source in the prevailing wind direction.6.2.4 Complex terrain should be avoided unless its influenceis necessary to meet the specific goal of the monitoring effort.6.3 Local Area Guidelines:3Boldf
32、ace numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this guide.FIG. 1 Diagram of Siting GuidelinesD51111226.3.1 The local area surrounding a monitoring site shoulddescribe a small geographic area where land use, topographyand meteorology are common and representative of the re-gional area.
33、No single emission source should dominate the airquality at the site except as it typifies the common emissioncharacteristics of the regional area. Ideal sites will be located inareas where land use practices are not expected to change overthe course of the monitoring effort.6.3.2 Emission source am
34、ounts, their frequency andintensity, and meteorological diversity will dominate the actualinfluence of each guideline on samples collected in anymonitoring program. Because of this, local area guidelines aretypically the portion of a site selection plan that is not met. Arelaxation of the guidelines
35、 can be tolerated when the impact ofnon-compliance on program objectives can be quantified.6.3.3 Monitoring sites should be classified according to thesurrounding population density within 15 km radius of the site.See Table 1.6.3.4 Intensive agricultural and waste treatment activitiesshould be more
36、than 500 meters from the sampling device.Dairy operations, crop cultivation, especially in areas wherechemical applications are used and solid waste and wastewatertreatment facilities are of particular concern.6.3.5 Transportation related sources of emissions should beno closer than 100 meters from
37、the sampling device. Parkinglots, unpaved roadways and high volume vehicular, railroadand airplane traffic are of particular concern. One hundredmeters is a minimum acceptable distance cited by some of theexisting atmospheric monitoring networks (See X2.3-X2.5).The distance should be increased in pr
38、oportion to increases intraffic volume and diversity. One kilometer is consideredadequate under most conditions.6.3.6 The open or surface storage of agricultural or indus-trial products should be kept at least 100 m from the samplingdevice. Examples of these products would include salt andsand piles
39、, fuels and chemicals.6.3.7 DryFor methods employing the estimation or use ofatmospheric fluxes (see 9.2.3 and 9.2.9), the surface micro-meteorology and surface composition should be as uniform aspossible within 500 m of the sampling device.NOTE 1The success of tower based eddy correlation technique
40、s andmany other dry deposition techniques utilizing deposition velocityestimates, are dependent upon the uniformity of the upwind surfaceroughness and wetness. If the upwind micro-meteorology and surfacecharacteristics enhance the turbulent mixing of the parameter of interest asit approaches the poi
41、nt sampling then the distance requirements for fetchcan sometimes be relaxed. If on the other hand deposition rate estimatesare expected to be small, the fetch distance requirements may need to beincreased (7) see 9.2.3).6.3.8 DryFor methods employing the estimation of atmo-spheric fluxes, see 9.2.3
42、, the sampling device should be locatedat least 5 km from prominent discontinuities in terrain such aslarge bodies of water, isolated hills or valleys and cliffs.6.4 Monitoring Site Guidelines:6.4.1 Monitoring sites should be located on naturally veg-etated or grassed, open, level areas. Ground cove
43、r should behomogeneous and the area should slope no more than 15 %.6.4.2 The distance from the sampling device to any objectgreater than the height of the sampling device should be at leasttwice the height of the object (2:1). This will ensure that noobject or structure will project onto the samplin
44、g device withan angle greater than 30 from the horizontal plane measuredfrom the sample orifice.6.4.3 With the exception of wind shields, objects withsufficient mass to deflect the wind or otherwise change theaerodynamic properties of the sampling device should belocated no closer than 2 m from the
45、sampling device.NOTE 2Wind shields are considered to be an integral part of thesampling device in this guide.6.4.4 Residential structures should be outside of a 30 coneof the prevailing wind direction measured from the sampleorifice.6.4.5 Sampling devices should be oriented towards theannual average
46、d prevailing wind. In the absence of site specificwind direction information projects should standardize theorientation of the device to one direction.6.4.6 Within 5m of the sampling device, vegetation shouldbe less than 0.6m in height as measured from its base.6.4.7 Grazing animals and the cultivat
47、ion of agriculturalcrops should not be permitted within the monitoring site.6.4.8 All activities not directly related to sampling shouldbe discouraged within the monitoring site.6.4.9 SnowThe sampling device should be located in asetting that is sheltered from the wind. Locating the monitoringsite w
48、ithin a forest clearing or installing a wind shield aroundthe sampling device improves snow capture (8).NOTE 3Wind speeds in excess of 1 m/sec significantly reduce theefficiency of snow sampling devices (8). Light, dry snows are the mostdifficult to sample. Reducing or eliminating the wind around th
49、e samplingdevice by either shielding the device or locating the device below thevegetation canopy improves snow capture and eliminates re-entrainmentof already collected samples.6.4.10 DryFor methods utilizing towers in the estimationof atmospheric fluxes (9.2.3), the tower heights should bestandardized and be at least 5 meters above the surface ofinterest (for example, forest canopy and agricultural crops). Formeasurements over bare ground this distance may need to bedoubled.6.4.11 DryMethods utilizing micro-meteorological mea-surements in the estimation of atm
