ASTM D5195-2008 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface by Nuclear Methods《采用核子法现场测定土壤及集料密度的标准试验方法(深层)》.pdf
《ASTM D5195-2008 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface by Nuclear Methods《采用核子法现场测定土壤及集料密度的标准试验方法(深层)》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM D5195-2008 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface by Nuclear Methods《采用核子法现场测定土壤及集料密度的标准试验方法(深层)》.pdf(6页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: D 5195 08Standard Test Method forDensity of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surfaceby Nuclear Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the density ofsoil and rock by the attenuation of gamma radiati
3、on, where thegamma source and the gamma detector are placed at thedesired depth in a bored hole lined by an access tube.1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interference.1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the materialunder test, is calculated by comparing the detected rate ofgamma radiati
4、on with previously established calibration data(see Annex A1).1.3 A precision statement has not been developed for thisstandard at this time. Therefore, this standard should not beused for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasignpurposes unless correlated to other accepted ASTM standards
5、.1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only and may be approximate.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD 6026.1.5.1 The proced
6、ures used to specify how data are collected,recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining t
7、he data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analysismet
8、hods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
9、prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7, “Hazards.”2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling
10、 of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by theDrive-Cylinder MethodD 3740 Pr
11、actice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4428/D 4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD 5220 Test Method for Water Content of Soil and RockIn-Place by the Neutron Depth Probe MethodD 60
12、26 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6938 Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Con-tent of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods(Shallow Depth)3. Terminology3.1 See Terminology D 653 for general definitions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.
13、1 wet densitysame as bulk density (as defined inTerminology D 653); the total mass (solids plus water) per totalvolume.3.2.2 gamma (radiation) sourcea sealed source of radio-active material that emits gamma radiation as it decays.3.2.3 gamma detectora device to detect and measuregamma radiation.1Thi
14、s test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved i
15、n 2002 as D 5195 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Replace with continuous flight and hollo
16、wstream methods when available.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.4 Compton scatteringthe interaction between agamma ray (photon) and an orbital elect
17、ron where the gammaray loses energy and rebounds in a different direction.3.2.5 water contentthe ratio of the mass of water con-tained in the pore spaces of soil or soil-aggregate, to the solidmass of particles in that material, expressed as a percentage(this is sometimes referred to in some scienti
18、fic fields asgravimetric water content to differentiate it from volumetricwater content).3.2.6 volumetric water contentthe volume of water as apercent of the total volume of soil or rock material.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful as a rapid, nondestructivetechnique for the calcul
19、ation of the in-place density of soil androck at desired depths below the surface as opposed to surfacemeasurements in accordance with Test Method D 6938.4.2 This test method is useful for informational and researchpurposes. It should only be used for quality control andacceptance testing when corre
20、lated to other accepted methodssuch as Test Method D 2937.4.3 The non-destructive nature of the test method allowsrepetitive measurements to be made at a single test location forstatistical analysis and to monitor changes over time.4.4 The fundamental assumptions inherent in this testmethod are that
21、 Compton scattering and photoelectric absorp-tion are the dominant interactions of the gamma rays with thematerial under test.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard testmethod is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it,and the suitability of the equipment and fa
22、cilities used.Agencies that meetthe criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable ofcompetent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Usersof this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable result
23、s depend on manyfactors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of thosefactors.5. Interferences5.1 The chemical composition of the sample may affect themeasurement and adjustments may be necessary. Some ele-ments with atomic numbers greater than 20 such as iron (Fe) orother heavy metal
24、s may cause measurements higher than thetrue density value.5.2 The sample heterogeneity affects the measurements.This test method also exhibits spatial bias in that it is moresensitive to material closest to the access tube.5.2.1 Voids around the access tube can affect the measure-ment (see 9.1.2.1)
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