1、Designation: D 5215 93 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forInstrumental Evaluation of Staining of Vinyl Flooring byAdhesives1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5215; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes procedures and instrumenta-tion for accurately measuring the degree of
3、staining that mayoccur in vinyl flooring as a result of its contact with adhesives.Measured color differences between vinyl flooring specimenscontacting the adhesive and not contacting the adhesive areexpressed in the CIELAB Color-Scale System.1.2 This test method provides for visual evaluation ofst
4、aining which may occur when vinyl flooring contacts adhe-sives.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use
5、. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Toler
6、ances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus (Filter) ColorimetryE 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometr
7、yG53 Practice for Operating Light- and Water-ExposureApparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-sure of Nonmetallic Materials33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 chromaticity coordinates, nthe ratio of each of thetristimulus values of a psychophysical color to the sum of thetristimulus va
8、lues (see Terminology E 284).3.1.1.1 DiscussionChromaticity coordinates in the CIEsystem of color specification are designated by x, y, and z.3.1.2 CIE 1976 L*a*b*uniform color space, CIELAB, (1,2)4, nan approximately uniform color space, that is producedby plotting in rectangular coordinates the qu
9、antities L*, a*, b*,from which the total difference between two colors may becalculated.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe abbreviation CIELAB is recom-mended.3.1.3 color difference, nas visually perceived, the magni-tude and character of the difference between two colorsdescribed by such terms as redder, bluer,
10、 lighter, darker, grayer,or cleaner (see Terminology E 284).3.1.4 color difference, nas computed, the magnitude anddirection of the difference between two psychophysical colorstimuli and their components computed from tristimulus val-ues, or by chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor, bymeans
11、of a specified set of color-difference equations (seeTerminology E 284).3.1.5 CIELAB color difference equation, n (1, 2)the totaldifference DE*abbetween two colors, each given in terms ofL*, a*, b*, calculated as follows:D E*ab5 DL*21Da*21Db*2!12 (1)3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe magnitude, DE*ab8, gives no
12、indi-cation of the character of the difference since it does notindicate the relative quantity and direction of the hue, satura-tion, and lightness differences. The CIELAB color differencesare uniformly 1.1 times Adams-Nickerson (AN40) color dif-ferences.3.1.5.2 DiscussionThe direction of the color
13、difference isdescribed by the magnitude and algebraic signs of the compo-nents DL*, Da*, D b*as follows:DL*5 L*12 L*0(2)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on ConstructionAdhesives.Current edition appro
14、ved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 5215 93 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
15、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Da*5 a*1
16、2 a*0(3)Db*5 b*12 b*0(4)where L*0,a*0, and b*0refer to the reference, and L*1,a*1, andb*1refer to the test specimen.3.1.6 directional optical measuring system, nan opticalsystem for measuring the reflecting or transmitting propertiesof specimens, in which the illuminator and receiver eachsubtend sma
17、ll angles at the specimen surface.3.1.7 luminance factor, nthe ratio of the luminance of aspecimen to that of a perfect diffuser, when illuminated andviewed under specified geometric conditions (see TerminologyE 284).3.1.7.1 DiscussionIn the CIE 1931 system, the luminancefactor is tristimulus factor
18、 Y.3.1.8 CIE tristimulus values, nthe amounts of three speci-fied stimuli required to match a color (see Terminology E 284).3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn the CIE system, they are assignedthe symbols X, Y, and Z.3.2 Symbols:3.2.1 L*an individual CIELAB color (opponent-color)coordinate relating to luminance (l
19、ightness).3.2.2 a*an individual CIELAB color (opponent-color)coordinate relating to redness/greenness.3.2.3 b*an individual CIELAB color (opponent-color)coordinate relating to blueness/yellowness.3.2.4 DE*abthe magnitude of the difference.3.2.5 DL*, Da*, D b*the CIELAB color differences asdescribed
20、by the magnitude and algebraic signs of the compo-nents, and giving the following approximate meanings (3):3.2.5.1 +DL*lighter.3.2.5.2 DL*darker.3.2.5.3 +Da*redder (less green).3.2.5.4 Da*greener (less red).3.2.5.5 +Db*yellower (less blue).3.2.5.6 Db*bluer (less yellow).3.2.6 x, y, zthe chromaticity
21、 coordinates in the CIEsystem of color specification.3.2.7 X, Y, Zthe CIE 1931 tristimulus values.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The differences in color between a reference and testspecimen are determined with a spectrophotometer or colorim-eter. Reflectance readings are made which in turn are conver
22、tedby computations to color-scale values. These reflectance read-ings may be automatically converted and computed by acomputer with the appropriate software program connected tothe spectrophotometer or colorimeter.4.2 Specimens are heat aged at 140 6 5F (606 3C) forseven days.4.3 Specimens are expos
23、ed to ultraviolet light for 48 h.5. Significance and Use5.1 Certain substances in adhesives may cause discolorationof vinyl flooring. This test method provides a means ofmeasuring the discolorations that may occur in the vinyl as aresult of contact with these adhesives. Vinyl flooring speci-mens, ei
24、ther contacting or not contacting the adhesive, areexposed to heat and UVA light to accelerate discoloration. Bymeans of colorimeter or spectrophotometer, color differencesbetween exposed specimens are accurately measured. There-fore, instrumental evaluation rather than personal subjectiveevaluation
25、 is used to determine the amount of discoloration anadhesive may produce in vinyl flooring. This test method doesnot attempt to simulate or duplicate the heat and sunlightconditions that may impact vinyl floor coverings while inservice.6. Apparatus6.1 Instrumentation for Color ReadingsA colorimeter
26、orspectrophotometer that measures color coordinates as de-scribed in Test Methods E 1347 and E 1349.6.1.1 ScaleCIELAB Color-Scale System.6.1.2 IlluminantD65 illuminant or equivalent.6.1.3 Standard Observer2 or 10.6.1.4 Viewpoint DiameterEqual to or less than 1.0 in. (25mm).6.1.5 Bidirectional Geomet
27、ry45/0 (45 circumferentialillumination/0 viewing).6.2 SpatulaUnspecified size.6.3 ApplicatorA15-in. long (381 mm) threaded rod,38 in.(9.5 mm) in diameter with 16 threads/in. (25.4 mm) to be usedfor application of adhesive.6.4 OvenHot air recirculating oven.6.5 Test ChamberAUV condensation-type cabin
28、et5meet-ing the requirements of Practice G53.6.5.1 LampsUVA-351 lamps.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 AdhesivesConstruction and flooring adhesives usedfor installation of residential vinyl floor covering (both felt andvinyl backed).7.2 Aluminum FoilTo be used for wrapping test speci-mens.7.3 SolventsTh
29、ose necessary for clean-up.8. Test Specimens8.1 Size of SpecimensUnless otherwise specified, speci-men shall be 3 by 6 in. (75 by 150 mm).8.2 Color of SpecimensThe specimens shall be a light-colored (preferably white) floor covering. Greatest precision ofcolor difference is obtained when reading the
30、 smoothest,unpatterned area of flooring surface. Special attention isrequired to be certain that like areas of all specimens are read.8.3 Number of SpecimensPrepare three control specimenswith no adhesive, and three specimens for each adhesive to beevaluated (see Fig. 1).8.3.1 In addition, retaina3b
31、y6in.(75by150mm)pieceof flooring for visual evaluation. Wrap this sample in alumi-num foil.9. Procedure9.1 Cut specimens of flooring as described in Section 8.5Cabinet available from Q. Panel Co., 26200 First St., Cleveland, OH 44145 orAtlas Electrical Devices Co., 4114 N. Ravenswood Ave., Chicago,
32、IL 60613 hasbeen found suitable.D 5215 93 (2005)29.2 Place the specimen identification number at the top ofthe back side of each specimen. Use a sharp pencil to minimizethe possibility of smearing other specimens in the course oftesting.9.3 On the face side of each specimen, mark a circular areaof t
33、he lightest, smoothest, unpatterned section of flooring (see8.2).Again, use a sharp pencil to avoid smearing or marring thespecimen. The designated area shall be a minimum of18 in. (3mm) larger than the 1.0-in. (25-mm) or smaller viewport of thecolorimeter or spectrophotometer.9.4 Calibrate the colo
34、rimeter or spectrophotometer accord-ing to the manufacturers recommendations. Take initial L*, a*,b*readings on all specimens by means of the calibratedcolorimeter or spectrophotometer (Test Methods E 1347 andE 1349). Use D65 illuminant or equivalent. Position eachspecimen to read the encircled area
35、. Record all readings in theCIELAB Color-Scale System.9.5 Record all initial and subsequent readings on the pre-pared chart (Fig. 1).9.6 Wrap the control specimens in aluminum foil after theinitial readings.9.7 Place each set of three specimens for adhesive evalua-tion on a flat surface side by side
36、 with the wear surface down.Leave an approximate12-in. (13-mm) space between thespecimens. The larger dimension of each specimen should liein the same direction that the adhesive will be applied. Tape theleading edge of each specimen to the flat surface beneath.Using a spatula, apply the adhesive on
37、 the leading edge of eachof the three specimens, making certain that the entire width ofeach specimen is covered with adhesive. Using the threaded-rod applicator, spread the adhesive evenly and simultaneouslyon the three specimens. Clean the rod thoroughly after eachapplication to prevent cross-cont
38、amination of adhesives.9.8 Allow all specimens to air-dry 24 h at room temperature.9.9 Wrap each specimen in aluminum foil to preventany cross-contamination or degradation from exposure tolight.9.10 Place control and adhesive specimens in a cleancontainer in such a manner that air can circulate betw
39、een thespecimens. Condition in the recirculating oven for seven daysat 140 6 5F (60 6 3C). Maintain the wrapped visualspecimen at room temperature.9.11 After seven days, remove specimens from the oven andcondition them to room temperature for approximately 2 h.9.12 Unwrap and place each specimen in
40、the specimenholder with the wear surface showing through the specimen-holder window. Place all specimens in a fluorescent UV-condensation-type apparatus (see 6.5) that meets the require-ments of Practice G53, and is equipped with UVA-351 lamps.Program the unit for UV exposure only (no exposure tocon
41、densation) at a temperature of 140 6 5F (60 6 3C) for 48continuous hours. Do not use the two outside positions oneither side of the racks when placing the specimen holders inthe cabinet. Be certain that the specimen-holder window facesthe UV lights. Maintain the light as specified in Practice G53.9.
42、13 After UV exposure, carefully remove the specimensand wrap them in foil until they are reread on the colorimeteror spectrophotometer.9.14 Allow specimens to condition approximately2hatroom temperature before rereading.9.15 For each specimen, unwrap, reread and record the finalset of L*, a*, b*valu
43、es. Record the DL*, Da*, Db*, and DE*abvalues.9.16 Make a visual evaluation at the conclusion of this testprocedure. The visual evaluations are to be used as cross-checks of the numerical evaluations, and it is expected that onewill substantiate the other.10. Calculation10.1 See Fig. 1.10.2 If each
44、DL*, Da*, and Db*value was not obtaineddirectly from a computer connected to the colorimeter orspectrophotometer, subtract the initial reading from the finalreading of each color component of each specimen as follows:DL*5 final L*2 initial L*(5)Da*5 final a*2 initial a*(6)Db*5 final b*2 initial b*(7
45、)10.3 Calculate the average DL*, average Da*, and averageDb*for each set of specimens.10.4 Calculate the color differences of the control set versuseach set of specimens spread with adhesive as follows:DL*due to test adhesive!5DL*test adhesive!2DL*control! (8)Da*due to test adhesive!5Da*test adhesiv
46、e!2Da*control! (9)Db*due to test adhesive!5Db*test adhesive!2Db*control!(10)10.5 Calculate DEab*for each test adhesive as follows:DE*ab5 DL*21Da*21Db*2!due to test adhesive! (11)FIG. 1 Form for Reporting Color Readings, Computations, andIdentification of Materials and Apparatus Used to Measure Color
47、DifferencesD 5215 93 (2005)311. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Manufacturer of colorimeter or spectrophotometer.11.1.1.1 The type and model of color instrument.11.1.1.2 The illuminant.11.1.1.3 The standard observer.11.1.1.4 The viewport diameter.11.1.1.5 The illuminator/observer
48、geometry.11.1.2 The type and model of weathering cabinet.11.1.3 Flooring identification.11.1.4 Adhesive identification.11.1.5 Initial L*, a*, b*readings and average of set.11.1.6 Final L*, a*, b*readings and average of set.11.1.7 DL*, Da*, Db*calculated values.11.1.8 Calculated color difference (D E
49、*ab, DL*, Da*, Db*)due to adhesive.11.1.9 Visual evaluation.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Two primary sources of error were detected duringintralaboratory and interlaboratory testing:12.1.1 One source of error was attributable to the lack ofrepeatability within experimental procedures, especially inapplication techniques for adhesives, delineation of areas forcolorimeter readings, and control of specimen UV exposureand aging conditions. Experimental procedures were revised toimprove repeatability, but no furthe
