1、Designation: D5280 96 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forEvaluation of Performance Characteristics of Air QualityMeasurement Methods with Linear Calibration Functions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers procedures for evaluating thefollowing
3、performance characteristics of air quality measure-ment methods: bias (in part only), calibration function andlinearity, instability, lower detection limit, period of unattendedoperation, selectivity, sensitivity, and upper limit of measure-ment.1.2 The procedures presented in this practice are appl
4、icableonly to air quality measurement methods with linear continu-ous calibration functions, and the output variable of which is adefined time average. The linearity may be due to postprocess-ing of the primary output variable. Additionally, replicatevalues belonging to the same input state are assu
5、med to benormally distributed. Components required to transform theprimary measurement method output into the time averagesdesired are regarded as an integral part of this measurementmethod.1.3 For surveillance of measurement method stability underroutine measurement conditions, it may suffice to ch
6、eck theessential performance characteristics using simplified tests, thedegree of simplification acceptable being dependent on theknowledge on the invariance properties of the performancecharacteristics previously gained by the procedures presentedhere.1.4 There is no fundamental difference between
7、the instru-mental (automatic) and the manual (for example, wet-chemical) procedures, as long as the measured value is anaverage representative for a predefined time interval.Therefore, the procedures presented are applicable to both.Furthermore, they are applicable to measurement methods forambient,
8、 workplace, and indoor atmospheres, as well asemissions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bilit
9、y of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 6879:
10、1983, Air QualityPerformance Characteristicsand Related Concepts for Air Quality Measuring Meth-ods43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology D1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:NOTE 1The statistical performance chara
11、cteristics used throughoutthis practice are estimated, by convention, at the confidence level1 = 0.95.3.2.1 averaging time predefined time interval length forwhich the air quality characteristic is made representative and the averaging time.3.2.1.1 DiscussionEvery measured value obtained is rep-rese
12、ntative for a defined interval of time, , the value of whichalways lies above a certain minimum due to the intrinsicproperties of the measuring procedure applied. In order toattain mutual comparability of data pertaining to comparableobjects, a normalization to a common, predefined interval oftime i
13、s necessary.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheresand Source Emissions.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition a
14、pproved in 2007 as D5280 - 96(2007).DOI: 10.1520/D5280-96R13.2This practice was adapted from International Standard ISO/DP 9169, preparedby ISO/TC 146/SC 4/WG 4, by the kind permission of the Chairman of ISO/TC 146and the Secretariat of ISO/TC 146/SC 4.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
15、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from International Organization for Standardization, Case Pastale 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerl
16、and.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1.2 DiscussionBy convention, this normalization isachieved by transformation by means of a simple, linear, andunweighted averaging process.(a) Series of Discrete Samples:c?! 51K(
17、k51Kc 01k 2 1!? (1)where:0= , andK = , su/ s 1:sb05 cu2s?fl22 c?fl2su2cu22 c?fl2(43)sb15 su22 s12cu22 c12(44)5.4.7.1 Finally, the dispersion part of instability to beexpected is:sinst51b1= sb021c2sb12(45)5.4.7.2 If this dispersion does not exceed the respectiverepeatability standard deviation, long-
18、term fluctuations arenegligible in the interval of time, , evaluated.5.5 Dependence of the Measured Value on InfluenceVariablesThis test is designed to estimate the performanceretained under field conditions. It is assumed that the impact ofthe influence variable on the measured value can be fairlyd
19、etermined by tests at the extremes (see Fig. 7). Divide theinfluence variables into classes of known and unknown effecton the measured value. Examples of the first class are tem-perature and pressure as long as a classical gas state equationremains valid. Usually, however, the relationship is moreco
20、mplicated and is unknown, for example, the effects ofFIG. 6 Example of Instability TestD5280 96 (2013)8temperature by means of electronics, those due to line voltage,and interferant concentrations.5.5.1 Known Dependence Express the measured value, ,as a function of the air quality characteristic and
21、 the i-thinfluence variable, IVi: = g(C, IV1. , IVk).5.5.1.1 Approximate the dependence, DEP, on IViat C = cby the following corresponding partial derivative:DEPc!IVi5g IVi!?c, iv1.ivk(46)5.5.2 Unknown DependenceUse reference material of C= c1and C = Cu(cin the lower and cuin the upper part of theme
22、asurement range; c30 can also be obtained from F1,2;0.95=10Awhere:A 51.4287212s112d2 0.9520.681s22 1d12(A2.1)B*) denominator 2.D5280 96 (2013)11REFERENCES(1) Grubbs, F. E., and Beck, G., “Extension of Sample Sizes andPercentage Points for Significance Tests of Outlying Observations,”Technometrics 14
23、, 1972, pp. 847854.(2) Garden, J. S., Mitchell, D. G., and Mills, W. N., “Non-ConstantVariance Regression Techniques for Calibration-Curve-BasedAnalysis,” Analytical Chemistry 52, 1980, pp. 23102315.(3) Green, J. R., and Margerison, D., “Statistical Treatment of Experi-mental Data,” Elsevier, Amster
24、dam, 1978.(4) Natrella, M. G.,“ Experimental Statistics,” NBS Handbook 91, 1966.(5) Dixon, W. J., and Massey, F. J., “Introduction to Statistical Analysis,”McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 1969.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with an
25、y item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical
26、 committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration a
27、t a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
28、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.ast
29、m.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE A3.1 Tabulated Values of the t -DistributionANOTE 1For the significance level = 0.05.Number of Degreesof FreedomOne-Sided Caset;1= t;0.95Two-Sided Caset;1/2= t;0.9751 6.314 1
30、2.7062 2.920 4.3033 2.353 3.1824 2.132 2.7765 2.015 2.7516 1.943 2.4477 1.895 2.3658 1.860 2.3069 1.833 2.26210 1.812 2.22811 1.796 2.20112 1.782 2.17913 1.771 2.16014 1.761 2.14515 1.753 2.13116 1.746 2.12017 1.740 2.11018 1.734 2.10119 1.729 2.09320 1.725 2.08630 1.697 2.04240 1.684 2.02160 1.671 2.000 1.645 1.960AValues tn;0.95for 3 can also be obtained from:t;0.9551.644913.528310.8560211.220921.5162(A3.1)values t;0.975for 3as well as from:t;0.97551.960010.6003310.95910 2 0.9025910.11588(A3.2)D5280 96 (2013)12
